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In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient may（）his or her entire annual income.

The two friends sat in a corner and（）away to each other about the weather.

He is going to（）the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute.

Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s（）policies.

There are not many teachers who are strong（） of traditional methods in English teaching.

A friendship may be（）, casual, situational or deep and lasting.

Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will（）down the economy.

We are（）to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.

People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to（）everything he was involved in.

You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the（）it involves.

The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her （）attitude toward customers.

You must pack plenty of food for the journey. （）, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.

This（）was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.

As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals（）a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.

He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any（）about what was meant.

No one expected him to（）against his former employer.

Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they（1 ）. Yet, all living things still show the（2） of aging, which will eventually（3） death. Aging is not a disease, (but) as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the （4） they form do not function as well as they （5） in childhood and teenage years.The body provides less （6） against disease and is more（7） to have accident. A number of related causes may （8） aging. Some cells of the body have a (fairly) long life, but they are not （9）when they die. As a person ages, （10） of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. （11） body cells die and are replaced by new cells. In an aging person the （12） cells may not be as workable or as capable（13） growth as those of a young person. Another （14）in aging may be changes within the cells（15）. Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known （16） with age and become less elastic. This is why the skin of old people wrinkles and （17）. This is also the reason why old people （18）in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and （19） information that the cells need. Aging may affect this （20） and change the information carrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “ classical conditioning”. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment; it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called “operant conditioning”. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1.The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to（）.2.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though（）that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.3.If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through（）.4.In the third paragraph, the author is（）.5.In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss（）.

Any country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers andemployees.As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the HealthService-doctors, nurses and other hospital staff — have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff — a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so many patients,doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.1.In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that（）.2.We can infer from the passage that（）.3.The best title for the passage would be（）.4.The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because （）. 5.The word “abused” (Para. 4) means（）.

Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than the hazards of smokingtoo many cigarettes. All right then, let’s pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let’s put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer — alcoholism.But wait. We’ve already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abolished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manufacturing, selling, or transporting of “intoxicating liquors”. Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all very logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gangs of liquor smugglers made it easy to buy an illegal drink—or two or three. They smuggled millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were likely to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a result of prohibition. Instead, people drank more alcohol than ever — often poisoned alcohol.On December 5, 1933, they removed Prohibition by approving the 21st Amendment to the Constitution.1. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act?2.During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was（）.3.During Prohibition, people（）.4.When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumed that（）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that（）.

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