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Winston Churchill once said: “The empires of the future will be the empires of the mind.” What’s your understanding of this statement? In this part you are required to write an essay under the title “Minds for the Future .” You must cover the following points:1. List different minds that you think people will need to function successfully in the 21st century.2. Elaborate (阐述)the minds that you listed above respectively.3. According to you, how can people cultivate these minds?Your essay must be no less than 200 words and written on the ANSWER SHEET.Minds for the Future

Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into English. 为了成长，为了游历新的道路，人们需乐于去冒险，去面对未知，去接受会“失败”的可能性。当我们尝试一种新的存在方式时，如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己反应敏捷又有好奇心吗？如果那样，那么我们会抓住更多机会，会对陌生的经历更敞开心扉。我们认为自己害羞而优柔寡断吗？那么我们的胆怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢，直到我们确信安全才会更进一步。

Read the following paragraph carefully and then translate it into Chinese. A fulfilling marriage begins when two people make time together their No. 1 priority. If we hope to find love, we must first find time for loving. Unfortunately, current psychology rests on the model of the independent ego. To make a lasting marriage we have to overcome self-centeredness. We must go beyond what psychologist Abraham Maslow called “self-actualization” to “us-actualization”. We have to learn to put time where love is. The lasting marriage is never sure of the separate “selves” that make it up. But it has complete confidence that the relationship will grow in a never-ending process of learning. There is a powerful healing energy that emanates from loving. Lasting love can learn to sense it, send it and make it grow. We are energized by love if we put our energy into loving.

Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia（痴呆）in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs（痴呆）the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function. A command system directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind—like remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle（搏斗）between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed（磨炼）by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often—you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompea Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age, and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life.1.According to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilingualism differ mainly in（）.2.The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means that （）. 3.What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation to Paragraph Three?4.Which of the following can account for better performance of bilinguals in doing non-inhibition tasks?5.What is the main theme of the passage?

Today we make room for a remarkably narrow range of personality styles. We’re told that to be great is to be bold, to be happy is to be sociable. We see ourselves as a nation of extroverts—which means that we’ve lost sight of who we really are. One-third to one-half of Americans are introverts—in the other words, one out of every two or three people you know. If you’re not an introvert yourself, you are surely raising, managing, married to, or coupled with one.If these statistics surprise you, that's probably because so many people pretend to be extroverts. Closet introverts pass undetected on playgrounds, in high school locker rooms, and in the corridors of corporate America. Some fool even themselves, until some life event—a layoff, an empty nest, an inheritance that frees them to spend time as they like―jolts（震惊）them into taking stock of their true natures. You have only to raise this subject with your friends and acquaintances to find that the most unlikely people consider themselves introverts. It makes sense that so many introverts hide even from themselves. We live with a value system that I call the Extrovert Ideal—the omnipresent（无所不在的）belief that the ideal self is gregarious（社交的）,and comfortable in the spotlight. The archetypal extrovert prefers action to contemplation, risk-taking to heed-taking, certainty to doubt. He favors quick decisions, even at the risk of being wrong. She works well in teams and socializes in groups. We like to think that we value individuality, but all too often we admire one type of individual―the kind who’s comfortable “putting himself out there.” Sure, we allow technologically gifted loners who launch companies in garages to have any personality they please, but they are the exceptions, not the rule, and our tolerance extends mainly to those who get fabulously wealthy or hold the promise of doing so.Introversion—along with its cousins sensitivity, seriousness, and shyness—is now a second-class personality trait, somewhere between a disappointment and a pathology（变态）. Introverts living under the Extrovert Ideal are like women in a man’s world, discounted because of a trait that goes to the core of who they are. Extroversion is an enormously appealing personality style, but we’ve turned it into an oppressive standard to which most of us feel we must conform.The Extrovert Ideal has been documented in many studies, though this research has never been grouped under a single name. Talkative people, for example, are rated as smarter, better-looking, more interesting, and more desirable as friends. Velocity of speech counts as well as volume: we rank fast talkers as more competent and likable than slow ones. Even the word introvert is stigmatized—one informal study, by psychologist Laurie Helgoe, found that introverts described their own physical appearance in vivid language, but when asked to describe generic introverts they drew a bland and distasteful picture.But we make a grave mistake to embrace the Extrovert Ideal so unthinkingly. Some of our greatest ideas, art, and inventions—from the theory of evolution to van Gogh’s sunflowers to the personal computer—came from quiet and cerebral people who knew how to tune in to their inner worlds and the treasures to be found there.1.According to the author, there exists, as far as personality styles are concerned, a discrepancy between（）.2.The ideal extrovert is described as being all the following EXCEPT （）. 3.According to the author, our society only permits （） to have whatever personality they like.4.According to the passage, which of the following statements BEST reflects the author’s opinion?5.The author winds up the passage with a （） note.

Crowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world—a record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29,129ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorm. Bad weather in early May led to this year’s jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing. Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve “firsts”, rather than simply climb the mountain. This year’s crop of summiteers included the oldest man, 64-year-oId Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16-year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $70,000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Retuning climbers who thought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.1.What is important to climbers on Mount Everest?2.More accidents have happened in recent years due to（）.3.Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to show （）. 4.The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is （）. 5.An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to（）.

As the great low ebb of high tech sweeps through the world of online commerce, two kinds of sites are weathering the storm. The first group is often referred to as “clicks and mortar”——online extensions of stores like Walmart or Sears. They take an existing, traditional business and extend it into the online arena. The second group provides a unique service made possible by the Internet’s special characteristics. Job sites and online auctioneer e-Bay are both good examples of the new breed of business that the Internet continues to foster. Cafeprsss.com is one of the latter group. It’s a website that provides users with online stores where they can sell shirts, mugs, and mousepads customized with their own logos and/or slogans. By itself, this is a fairly useful service, and an example of how the Internet has changed the art of marketing and customer service.Cafepress.com, however, is rather remarkable for another reason. Customers don’t need to print large lots of items. They don’t need to worry about shipping the goods to their customers. And they don’t need to talk to another human being to get their store “built” in the first place. The site lets you upload an image and choose what sort of item you’d like it to appear on. You can then choose how much to mark the item up—the difference between the item’s base cost and your mark-up price is your profit.Base prices are high, but understandable when you consider what cafepress.com does for the initial investment. An 11-ounce mug starts at $10.99. For that, cafepress.com prints the mug on a piece-by-piece basis, provides the ordering software, handles the money, packs it, and ships it for you. The mug’s purchaser pays shipping and handling costs; the store owner’s effort is limited to uploading the original image for the mug, setting the cost, and writing a brief description of the item.It seems to be catching on. “More and more companies come to us, who want to do some kind of merchandising, who want to offer a range of products to their users, but don’t want the hassles（麻烦事）associated with it,” says Maheesh Jain, cafepress.corn’s co-founder and vice-president. “That’s where we come in—we're one of the few companies that offer this kind of full-service solution.”But the most exciting aspect of cafepress.com is not its ability to help major corporations outsource（外包）and customize their merchandising efforts. What’s remarkable about the system is how simple it is to open a store. An average individual with an idea that could sell 50 T-shirts or mugs can’t justify a traditional merchandising effort, but with cafepress.com, users can easily bring ideas to fruition（完成）with very little time and no financial risk. Moreover, the quality of the merchandise is good; I’ve ordered a mug and a shirt from cafepress.com, and both were shipped relatively promptly, and arrived exactly as promised. Cafepress.com is an idea that’s easy to get excited about. It’s a small—but tangible example of how the Internet can change the way we live.1.The expression “weathering the storm” in the first sentence means（）.2.The first kind of site differs from the second kind of site in that （）. 3.Which of the following about Cafepress.com is NOT true?4.What kind of customers need Cafepress.com most according to its vice-president?5.What is the most outstanding about Cafepress.com according to the author?

This newly established institution has to face a whole range of crimes and（）.

He was a lonely, miserable（）.

While a quarter of men wash their cars once a week, fewer than one in five women carry out the（）.

The children have a more（）view, only taking in consideration what will work.

Just as you do not wish others to（）their desires upon you, you must leave it to them to be free to follow their own direction in life.

They fear it could have a(n) （）effect on global financial markets.

The foreman read the（）of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.

The（）view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.

There has been much opposition from some social groups, （）from the farming community.

Tom（）better than to ask Dick for help.

I wish（）to Stockholm when I was in Sweden. I hear it’s a beautiful city.

（）, I must do another experiment.

The residents, （）had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.

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