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Directions: Use 200-250 words to present your views on the topic below, using relevant reasons and examples to support them.“High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.”

For those playing the game of science, the method by which they ascertain what they believe is crucial. They have to evaluate data and arguments and decide for themselves on their validity. Scientists communicating to others have the task of convincing the hearers of the validity of their statements in terms of the data and their explanations of the data. They are not playing the game correctly if they win support by the strength of their personality or prestige. In the short run scientists may follow another on the basis of prestige, but this cannot continue indefinitely. It is up to the hearers to evaluate what the scientists say rather than accept it because they say it. And the culmination of this enterprise is the determination of whether the explanations account for the data observed. The relationship between scientific explanations and data helps to ensure the integrity of scientists. If their findings are important, they can be sure that their theories and data will be examined critically and new evidence will be attained.It is the system of data-based explanation that distinguishes science from dogma. Scientists have both the right and the responsibility to decide for themselves, on the basis of evidence at hand, the best explanation of a set of phenomena. On the other hand, dogma (religious, economic, political or social) depends on pronouncements by established authorities.

For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon(干扰素)，a 36 wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacterial infections, and tumors. To 37 , the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to 38 its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the 39 lies in the structure of interferon. A species of specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in 40 another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so 41 that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. 42 , it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and 43 the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most 44 uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Sweden’s famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. 45 a group of selected patients who had 46 surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatments and the other half were given interferon. The 47 rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as 48 with only 10 to 30 percent among those who has received the 49 treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now under 50 . If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.36. A. possible B. adequate C. potential D. capable37. A. time B. stage C. date D. period38. A. determine B. discourage C. decrease D. disclose39. A. uniqueness B. peculiarity C. feature D. scarcity40. A. treating B. producing C. operating D. handling41. A. potent B. slight C. obvious D. obscure42. A. However B. Moreover C. Hence D. Instead43. A. motivates B. prevents C. strikes D. eliminates44. A. restrictive B. dramatic C. probable D. crucial45. A. With B. For C. Among D. Within46. A. sustained B. endured C. prepared D. undergone47. A. existence B. treatment C. survival D. growth48. A. weighed B. balanced C. differentiated D. compared49. A. original B. conventional C. exceptional D. desirable50. A. way B. track C. course D. route

In her long, but ultimately triumphant career, she has been forced to smuggle birth control supplies under her clothing.

The majority of the time you will feel no pain. However, after each session you could possibly feel emotional, a mild headache, or fatigue.

Over the centuries both the Nile and the desert sands imperceptibly shifted, and this temple was lost to the world until 1813, when it was accidentally rediscovered by the Swiss explorer Jean Louis Burckhardt.

If you reinstate old-fashioned values about money and work, you can give your children a precious gift: the key to self-sufficiency.

Negative data surprises have forced many to downgrade their forecasts for growth and policy implications, especially in the US.

Many products, including prescription drugs, are regulated by the federal government. However, the states have laws that allow injured consumers to sue a manufacturer.

Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened.

People may get verses wrong, but they also mangle plenty of well-known biblical stories as well.

I’m too ignorant about such matters; I am not qualified to comment, but it seems to me somebody who has studied at a prestigious university abroad couldn’t be as bad as you say.

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?

They denounce deficit spending, declaring that you can’t solve debt problem with more debt.

Even if the genes themselves are not initially hazardous, you do not know how they are going to evolve.

So wide is its sweep that 345 million people use English as their first language and an additional 400 million as their second.

“This suggests the possibility that a treatment like this could be tested to see if it could delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease,” said Prof. Holtzman.

In the gloriously hot summer of nineteen fourteen, the murder of Austria-Hungarian Archduke in an obscure part of the Balkans provided the spark which set Europe ablaze.

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have give way to the question “why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psycho historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event and that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determination that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.17. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?18. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually .19. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?20. The author of the passage puts the word “deepest” in Para.3 in quotation marks most probably in order to .

Every profession, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their old strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild. The lawyer, the physician, the scientist, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it—as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.13. The author’s main purpose in the passage is to ______.14. According to the author, which of the following special vocabularies is understood by more people?15. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds” he means that _.16. It seems that the passage implies ________.

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