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Writing Task 2 (15%)Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on following topic:A person’s worth nowadays seems to be judged by his/her social status and material possessions. Old-fashioned values, such as honor, kindness and trust, no longer seem important.Do you agree with the above opinion? Why or Why not? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Writing Task 1 (10%)Directions: You are the assistant to your dean at your college. Write an invitation letter to a reputable professor, Dr. Wang Wenhong, at Fudan University to address a seminar. You should write in the letter the details of the seminar and the reason(s) why Dr. Wang is invited.1) The letter should be written on the ANSWER SHEET with more than 100 words.2) The letter should not be signed by your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.红包，字面意思是“红色的小袋”，是中国新年的重要元素。里面的现金被认为是来年的压岁钱。红包一般是长辈送给晚辈的，尤其是孩子，但如果你收入不错，每年这个时候给父母、爷爷奶奶分一些钱也是符合礼貌的。如果你结婚了，你就得给红包；如果你是单身，你通常会收到红包。如果被邀请到别人家过年，你知道他们有孩子，那最好在一个红包里放点钱。如果你去北方游玩，红包里的现金数额就选一个整数；在南方，挑个幸运数字（任何带有6或8的数字）。

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.Need a mood boost, but don’t have time to hit the great outdoors? Try the next best thing and turn on a nature documentary.41. A recent study has found that turning into nature documentaries can have an immediate impact on increasing happiness and reducing overall stress. The study was commissioned by the BBC to mark the launch of its new critically-acclaimed nature series “Planet Earth II”.While nature programming has long been found to bring smiles to people’s faces, the BBC was curious to understand more about the connection between the two. To help gauge what exactly is happening while we watch these scenes, the network partnered with Professor Dacher Keltner, who studies the science of emotion at the University of California, Berkeley, and a technology startup called Crowd Emotion.Using special facial recognition software fed by webcams, the research team analyzed the expressions in real-time of 7,500 participants from the U.S., UTC, South Africa and Australia. Before and after watching clips from the series, the volunteers were also asked to complete short surveys on their emotional well-being.42. According to the study results, those engaged in watching nature programming had significant increases in feelings of awe, amazement, wonder, curiosity, interest and wanting to explore. Conversely, feelings of nervousness, anxiety, fear, and low energy were significantly lowered.“The shifts in emotion demonstrated in the BBC study as a result of watching this powerful natural history series are significant as we know that wonder and contentment are the foundations of human happiness,” Professor Keltner said in a statement. “If people experience feelings of awe, they are more likely to display empathetic and charitable behaviors and have been shown to be better able to handle stress.”In addition to the new paper, Keltner also conducted a review of 150 scientific studies that previously explored the relationships between emotion and nature. 43. The overall consensus was that exposure to nature, whether first-hand or through programming, decreases stress, increases calm, and improves cognitive performance.

Massive buildings, fast-paced development, and economic growth that flourishes as much as its greenery, the bustling metropolis of Singapore overflows with _1_ businesses, markets and trade. But what really thrives within the city is _2_ what the eyes see. Made up of Chinese, Malay, Indian and various other ethnicities, cultural heritage is what makes Singapore, Singapore—a congregation of different cultures _3_ in one congenial space.Cultural heritage is an important part of a Singaporean’s _4_. It is how one _5_ their thoughts, beliefs and way of life. Cultural heritage is also _6_ in Singapore’s potpourri of festivals. The warm _7_ extends to neighbors, friends and family, _8_ race, _9_ or religion. And _10_ different these celebrations may be, they all have _11_ commonalities: reunions, traditional _12_ and well-wishing.Cultural heritage makes and _13_ the Singapore we see today. However, with the fast pace of life in a city that is _14_ evolving to move ahead with the times, keeping cultural heritage as an _15_ part of everyday life is more important than ever before. To _16_ the Singapore cultural identity, some traditional businesses and, multi-generational family businesses such as confectionaries (糖果) for example, have rebranded themselves and _17_ their packaging designs in an _18_ to appeal to the more social media-savvy generation.With the Internet, Singapore’s _19_ crafts, recipes and practices of the past are now made _20_ at one’s fingertips, ready to be celebrated by anyone, anytime, anywhere.

Ironically, in the United States, a country of immigrants, prejudice and discrimination continue to be serious problems. They are a part of American history; however, this prejudicial treatment of different groups is nowhere more unjust than with black Americans.Blacks had distinct disadvantages. For the most part, they came to the ‘‘land of opportunity” as slaves and they were not free to keep their heritage and cultural traditions. Unlike most European immigrants, blacks did not have the protection of a support group; sometimes slave owners separated members of the same family.They could not mix easily with the established society either because of their skin color. It was difficult for them to adapt to the American culture. Even after they became free people, they still experienced discrimination in employment, housing, education, and even in public facilities, such as restroom.Until the twentieth century, the majority of the black population lived in the southern part of the United States. Then there was a population shift to the large cities in the North. Prejudice against blacks is often associated with the South. Slavery was more common there and discrimination was usually easier to see.In the 1950s and 1960s, blacks fought to gain fair treatment, and they now have legal protection in housing, education, and employment. Because their neighborhoods are segregated (隔离), many blacks feel that educational opportunities are not adequate for their children. Busing children from one neighborhood to another is one solution to inequality in education. Naturally, all parents want the best possible education for their children.The situation of blacks is better today than it was in the 1950s, but racial tension persists. Time will be the real solution to the problem of race.17. Prejudice and discrimination in the United States .18. One of the reasons why black Americans could not easily mix in American society is .19. The author specifically mentions that .20. The attitude of the author is .

To attract tourism to one’s country was once thought of as an unqualified success; there seemed to be no negative aspects to it. However, today we are coming to realize that tourism is a mixed blessing: it has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, it can bring money to parts of the world that very much need it. People can earn a great deal through tourism. And this income can help to preserve the environment. Anything that helps to protect the ecosystem, the interrelated community of plants and animals that makes up the Earth, is of course, possible.A recent worry, however, is the fact that tourists can cause serious damage to the fragile environments they love to visit. Ecosystems are delicate and easily damaged. Around the world, areas are endangered by the large number of tourists who visit them. On every continent, tourism threatens the environment. Even trekkers who take difficult journeys on foot can cause damage.There are, then, serious dangers that come with the promise of tourism. Every advantage brings with it real disadvantages and vice versa. This dilemma makes planning difficult for nation trying to decide what to do. Countries can make a good deal more money from the tourist industry than they need to put into attracting tourists. This financial profit can help nations protect habitats where endangered animals (and plants) live. These efforts can assure the survival of wildlife that otherwise would not continue to exist. It also may be that tourism can help strengthen local cultures by encouraging awareness of traditions and ceremonies. Historic buildings thrive on tourism. These cultural locations enjoy great success with the money and attention and respect brought by tourism.13. “Unqualified” in the first line of the first paragraph most possibly means ____.14. What is the benefit of developing tourism in a country?15. Why is there a recent concern about tourism?16. What is the reason that governments are arguing for their decisions?

A paper published in Nature in July found that Estonia (爱沙尼亚) had one of the highest rates of forest loss in Europe. There had been a rapid increase in forest harvesting across many European countries, the authors of the study found, which seemed broadly linked to a growing demand for wood products.Worldwide, as the area covered by forests has decreased by more than 440 million acres since 1990, tree plantations have increased by more than 300 million acres. Forests are increasingly being converted into industrial tree fields—and tiny Estonia has become a pointed case study in this global transformation. The loss of forests cuts deep into Estonian history and tradition.The Estonian Cultural Association lists 80 sacred sites that have been cleared by industrial loggers. They have mapped 1,200 additional sites, many of which have no formal protection, putting them at risk of being logged. Many of the sites are in old-growth forests, which make up about 2 percent of Estonia’s remaining forest cover.There is debate about the accuracy of the map; the Estonian Heritage Conservation Agency has not adopted it. But at the heart of Estonian culture, lies the idea of the forest as an active presence, a thing humans do not create but rather “get out of the way of”. The respect for nature here is powerful.As foreign investment and logistical support poured in, Estonians driving the country’s highways began to see harvester machines on the edge of the forests, pulling trees out like grass. In their place have come evenly spaced rows of pine and spruce planted for the global market, a replacement of the forest with something far simpler and more profitable, as Estonian ecologist Asko Lohmus has said.1. According to the study, forest loss in Europe appeared to be associated with .2. The impact of forest loss on Estonia lies mainly in .3. Why did the Estonia Cultural Association worry?4. The reason for pines and spruces being planted is that .

The human brain is hardwired to map our surroundings. This trait is called spatial memory—our ability to remember certain locations and where objects are in relation to one another. New findings published today in Scientific Reports suggest that one major feature of our spatial recall is efficiently locating high-calorie, energy-rich food. The study’s authors believe human spatial memory ensured that our hunter-gatherer ancestors could prioritize the location of reliable nutrition, giving them an evolutionary leg up.In the study, researchers at Wageningen University & Research observed 512 participants follow a fixed path through a room where either eight food samples or eight food-scented cotton pads were placed in different locations. When they arrived at a sample, the participants would taste the food or smell the cotton and rate how much they liked it. Four of the food samples were high-calorie, including brownies and potato chips, and the other four, including cherry tomatoes and apples, were low in calories—diet foods, you might call them.After the taste test, the participants were asked to identify the location of each sample on a map of the room. They were nearly 30 percent more accurate at mapping the high-calorie samples versus the low-calorie ones, regardless of how much they liked those foods or odors. They were also 243 percent more accurate when presented with actual foods, as opposed to the food scents.“Our main takeaway message is that human minds seem to be designed for efficiently locating high-calorie foods in our environment,” says Rachelle de Vries, at Wageningen University. She feels her team’s findings support the idea that locating valuable caloric resources was an important and regularly occurring problem for early humans weathering the climate shifts. “Those with a better memory for where and when high-calorie food resources would be availably were likely to have a survival—or fitness—advantage,” she explains.1. What is spatial memory?2. What did researchers do in the study?3. Which of the following statement is the result of the study?4. According Rachelle de Vries, what is the reason for the results?

While hurricanes are blamed for producing tornados and causing widespread destruction, they have another devastating, yet lesser-known effect: spreading invasive species to new habitats.When Hurricane Isaias slammed into the Caribbean and eastern U.S. this summer, rising water levels allowed at least 114 non-native aquatic (水生的) species to ride from one watershed to the next. Since 2017, the scientists have combined flood data and invasive species sightings to map how these animals disperse following Atlantic Ocean hurricanes, as well as study what makes some species more likely to benefit from the storms than others.Take the apple snail, a popular aquatic insect among aquarium owners for example. Native to South America, the six-inch species first came to America via the aquarium trade, and it has since become a destructive pest in rice fields and other aquatic croplands. Apple snails “actually take air into their shell and float along the water,” says Wesley Daniel, a fishery biologist with the Wetland and Aquatic Research Center in Florida, where the tropical climate has made it a hot spot for invasive species. “We’ve seen them spread in numerous hurricanes like this.”Since apple snails were already established in many coastal freshwater ecosystems throughout the southeastern U.S., it’s likely that the recent active hurricane season has pushed them farther inland. Not only have hurricanes and tropical storms formed far earlier this year than usual, 10 have made landfall on the mainland U.S. breaking a record set in 1916.Before 2017, few scientists had investigated the role of hurricanes in the spread of invasive species, which as a whole cost the U.S. economy at least $120 billion a year. But as hurricanes are projected to become both more frequent and intense due to climate change, the potential for non-natives to further degrade ecosystems is a huge concern.1. Which of the following statements is NOT the consequence of hurricanes?2. What is one of the research problems of scientists since 2017?3. How did apple snails first arrive in America? 4. Before 2017, the hurricane-brought invasive species ____.

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