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2. 根据这一蓝图，中国人民通过艰苦努力，将从现在起到本世纪中叶，把中国建设成为富强、民主、文明、和谐、美丽的社会主义现代化强国。

1. 作为一个改造世界的理论，马克思主义需要与时俱进，这意味着我们应该根据最新的实践，创造性地理解并应用马克思的理论。

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was the son of a lawyer in Prussia. He studied law and philosophy at several German universities and received a doctoral degree in 1841. Unable to find an academic job, Marx joined with radical German intellectuals, began writing for left-wing journals, and soon moved to Paris with other Germans.Friedrich Engels (1820-1893), the son of a well-to-do German textile manufacturer, was sent as a young man to Manchester in England where his father owned a factory, to learn the business and then manage it. Marx and Engels met in Paris in 1844. There they began a collaboration in thinking and writing that lasted for 40 years. In 1847 they joined the Communist League, a tiny secret group of revolutionaries active in the more liberal cities of Western Europe.It was for the Communist League that Marx and Engels wrote their Communist Manifesto, which was published in January 1848. This political booklet summarizes their theories about the nature of society and politics. One of its well-known sentences is: “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” The booklet also briefly expresses the ideas for how the capitalist society would eventually be replaced by socialism. It was believed that, through a workers’ revolution, a classless society would be established where “people work according to their abilities and get according to their needs”.When the revolutions of 1848 failed, Marx and Engels were disappointed. Then, Engels returned to his factory at Manchester. Marx also settled in England, spending the rest of his life in London, where, after long labors in the library of the British Museum, he finally produced his huge work called Capital, of which the first volume was published in German in 1867. The final two volumes were edited by Engels and published after Marx’s death. Capital describes how capitalism works and the problems this creates, such as exploitation and alienation. This monumental work became the foundation of the worldwide movement of socialism and communism.

中国的经济繁荣刺激了许多行业的快速扩张，这通常是对家庭收入增加带来的内需激增作出的反应。Steven Kleper和几位合作者发现了一个两阶段的过程，它代表了在竞争市场中新产业的企业数量和行业集中度的演变（例如，Kleper和Graddy，1990；另见Sutton，1998）。一开始，企业急于加入新市场，导致“过度进入”。此后，“升级”机制启动：随着竞争加剧，一些公司成功地扩张了能力，导致在不断增长的生产和销售中集中度增加，质量门槛提高，产品和工艺创新和价格下跌。在利润率下降的情况下，无法充分扩大销售以支持不断升级的研究与发展要求的公司退出该行业，导致“改组”，大幅减少了活跃生产商的数量，提高了集中度。这一视角，以美国的经验为基础，恰当地总结了中国新兴产业的市场发展过程。

The government is unlikely to hold its policy variables, such as government expenditure, fixed over long periods. On the contrary, it is likely to adjust these variables in response to changing economic conditions, in order to stabilize the economy. If unemployment gets too high, it is likely to increase government expenditure or the rate of growth of the money supply; if the rate of inflation gets too high it will tend to revert to contractionary polices.The theory of stabilization is discussed in several different senses in the literature. At the simplest level there is a theory dealing with the stabilization of static, non-stochastic, systems. In this instance the problem is a relatively straightforward one: if one were unkind, one might even say that it is trivial. Secondly, there is a body of theory dealing with the stabilization of static stochastic system. Stabilization in this context refers to minimizing the random fluctuations of the system in some specified sense. Thirdly, the stabilization problem is sometimes discussed in terms of controlling dynamic, non-stochastic, systems. Here the concern may be with the fluctuations in the time path of the variable of concern, which unlike those of the second case are non-random and entirely predictable. Fourthly, one can combine cases two and three and analyze the stabilization problem of a dynamic system which is also subject to stochastic disturbances.

Keynes had emphasized fiscal rather than monetary policy as the key to fighting recessions. And this had remained the prevailing wisdom. This IS curve, many argued, was quite steep: Changes in the interest rate had little effect on demand and output. Thus, monetary policy did not work very well. Fiscal policy, which affects demand directly, could affect output faster and more reliably.Friedman strongly challenged this conclusion. In a 1963 book titled a Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, Friedman and Anna Schwartz painstakingly reviewed the evidence on monetary policy and the relation between money and output in the United States over a century. Their conclusion was not only that monetary policy was very powerful, but that it could explain most of the fluctuations in output. They interpreted the Great Depression as the result of a tragic mistake in monetary policy, a decrease in the money supply due to bank failures—a decrease that the Fed could have avoided by increasing the monetary base, but had not.Friedman and Schwartz’s challenge was followed by a vigorous debate and by intense research on the respective effects of fiscal and monetary policy. In the end, a consensus was reached. The truth was in between: Both fiscal and monetary policies clearly had effects. And if one cared about the composition of output and took into account the openness of the economy, the best policy was typically a mix of two.

Shanghai, also (1) Shang-hai, city and province-level shi (municipality), east-central China. It is one of the world’s largest seaports and a major industrial and commercial (2) of China.The city is located (3) the coast of the East China Sea between the mouth of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to the north and the bay of Hangzhou to the south. The municipality’s area includes the city itself, surrounding (4), and an agricultural hinterland. Shanghai is China’s most-populous city, and the municipality is its most-populous urban area.Shanghai was one of the first Chinese ports to be opened to Western trade, and it long (5) the nation’s commerce. Since 1949, however, it has become an industrial giant whose products supply China’s growing (6) demands. The city has also undergone extensive (7) changes with the establishment of industrial suburbs and housing complexes, the improvement of public works, and the provision of parks and other recreational (8). Shanghai has attempted to (9) the economic and psychological legacies of its exploited past through physical and social transformation to support its major role in the modernization of China.Shanghai municipality is bordered by Jiangsu province to the north and west and Zhejiang province to the southwest. It includes the 18 districts constituting the city of Shanghai and several islands in the mouth of the Yangtze and offshore to the southeast in the East China Sea. The largest island, Chongming, has an area of 489 square miles (1,267 square km) and extends more than 50 miles (80 km) upstream from the mouth of the Yangtze; it and the islands of Changxing and Hengsha (10) comprise a county under Shanghai municipality.

It was a really wonderful occasion which we will ______ for many years to come.

As a teenager, I was ______ by a blind passion for a film star I would never meet.

______ and physiology, which study (respectively) the structure and function of organisms and their parts, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and they are often studied together.

______ Conquest is the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066) and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles.

In some cases, it is hard to figure out exactly what ______ we are supposed to be learning.

The paper discusses the conception of multimedia ______ in the teaching of medical imaging technology, its meaning, features and requirements.

Normally, on days when we feel energetic and enthusiastic, we can sink our ______ into a solid and challenging problem, but on days when we are run-down and unmotivated, we can at least accomplish a few small tasks and knock them off the list.

Starring Israeli Gal Gadot as the Amazonian warrior princess, “Wonder Woman” is the rare female-led film in a (n) ______ male superhero landscape.

At the most basic level, a syllogism is the simplest sequence of a combination of logical ______ that lead to a conclusion.

A: All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it is divisible by 5.B: Cacti are plants and all plants perform photosynthesis; therefore, cacti perform photosynthesis.Both A and B are examples of ______.

Police ______ a confession from the male criminal, which made him repent for a long period of time.

These tests were so seriously flawed as to ______ the results meaningless.

David Beckham, the ______ suitor, naturally pulled out all the stops to woo his lady love. He made it in the end.

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