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In contrast to the science of classical antiquity, modern science is basically unfinished whereas ancient science had the appearance of something completed to which the notion of progress was not essential. Modern science progresses into the infinite.Modern science has realized that a finished and total world-view is scientifically impossible. Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can a closed view of the world pretend to scientific validity—and then it is a false validity. Those great new unified systems of knowledge—such as modern physics—have grown up in the scientific times only with single aspects of reality. And reality, as a whole, has been fragmented as never before; whence the openness of the modern world is contrast to the closed Greek cosmos.

人类文明——任何形式的人类文明，都可以说是一种大的信息系统。第一个阶段是语言，有了语言才能共同占有经验，才能集体记忆，才能集体积累知识。然后便是记写，记写提供了一种不太容易消失的、更容易传递的记忆形式。之后便出现了印刷，从而使信息传播大大增加。现代电子学正在为我们提供崭新而功能更强的方法，来收集、加工、处理和传递。正是这种发展的一个非凡特征，才使得能力的巨大提高却没有给能源或稀少的材料造成负担。相反，设备变得越来越小，甚至在同样的工作性能情况下，价格越来越便宜。只需要看袖珍计算器，微型计算机，电子表和电子游戏机，便可知道确实是如此。

In the past castles were normally classified as "military engineering" and banished (1) _ the architectural scene at once. Today, architects and engineers (2) _far more closely linked (3) _ in the past; we are therefore ready to (4) _ the idea, because a castle was designed (5) _ a well-protected home (6) _its occupants (7) _qualities which we can recognize (8) _ essentially architectural. Once the site (9) _ the castle had been chosen (10) _ form would be dictated (11) _ the materials with which it (12) _ to be built and the many services (13) _ had to provide for those (14) _ its walls. (15) _ its chief role was a defensive (16) _, in times of peace it (17) _ be expected to act (18) _the centre of local government, a hall (19) _justice or perhaps (20) _ a prison.

One afternoon while she was preparing dinner in her kitchen, Anne Peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied by shortness of breath. Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help. Her husband immediately rushed Anne to a nearby hospital where her pains were diagnosed as having been caused by panic, and not a heart attack.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne Peters. Benjamin Crocker, a psychologist at the University of Southern California, reveal that as many as ten million adult Americans have already experienced or will experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime. Moreover, studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States disclose that approximately 1.2 million adult individuals are currently suffering from severe and recurrent panic attacks.These attacks may last for only a few minutes; some, however, continue for several hours. The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.There has been a lot of explanations as to the causes of panic attacks. Many claim that psychological stress could be a logical cause, but as yet, no evidence has been found to support this theory. However, studies show that more women than men experience panic attacks and people who drink a lot as well as those who use drugs are more likely to suffer attacks.It is reported that there are at least three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack. The first is age. People between the ages of 20 and 30 are more often victims of panic attacks. The second is sex. More women suffer from recurrent panic attacks than men. The third is the multiplicity of symptoms. A panic attack victim usually suffers at least four of the previously mentioned symptoms, while a heart attack victim often experiences only pain and shortness of breath.It is generally agreed that a panic attack does not directly endanger a person's life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a person's life by making him or her so afraid of having a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr. Crocker's advice to any person who thinks her is suffering from a panic attack is to consult a doctor for a medical examination to rule out the possibilities of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attack, the victim should seek psychological and medical help.1.According to the passage, panic attack is（）.2.One factor both panic and heart attacks have in common is（）.3.It is indicated in the last paragraph that panic attack may（）.4.Dr. Crocker suggests that for panic attack sufferers,（）.

The world's last known case of smallpox was reported in Somalia, the Horn of Africa, in October 1977. The victim was a young cook called Ali Maow Maalin. His case becomes a landmark in medical history, for smallpox is the first communicable disease ever to be eradicated.The remarkable campaign to free the world of smallpox has been led by the World Health Organization. The Hom of Africa, embracing the Ogaden region of Ethiopia and Somalia, was one of the last few smallpox ridden areas of the world when the WHO-sponsored Smallpox Eradication Programme (SEP) got underway there in 1971.Many of the 25 million inhabitants, mostly farmers and nomads living in a wildness of desert, bush and mountains, already had smallpox. The problem of tracing the disease in such formidable country was exacerbated further by the continuous warfare in the area.The programme concentrated on an imaginative policy of "search and containment." Vaccination was used to reduce the widespread incidence of the disease, but the success of the campaign depended on the work of volunteers. These were men paid by the day, who walked hundreds of miles in search of "rumors"—--information about possible smallpox cases.Often these rumors turned out to be cases of measles, chicken pox or syphilis—-but nothing could be left to chance. As the campaign progressed the disease was gradually brought under control. By September 1976 the SEP made its first report that no new cases had been reported. But that first optimism was short-lived. A three-year-old girl called Amina Salat, from a dusty village in the Ogaden in the south-east of Ethiopia, had given smallpox to a young nomad visitor. Leaving the village the nomad had walked across the border into Somalia. There be infected 3,000 people, and among them had been the cook, Ali. It was a further 14 months before the elusive "target zero"—no further cases—was reached.Even now, the search continues in "high risk" areas and in parts of the country unchecked for some time. The flow of rumors has now diminished to a trickle—but each must still be checked by a qualified person.Victory is in sight, but two years must pass since the " last case" before an International Commission can declare that the world is entirely free from smallpox.1.Ali Maow Maalin’s case is significant because he was the（）.2.The work to stamp out smallpox was made more difficult by（）.3.The volunteers mentioned were paid to（）.4.Nowadays, smallpox investigations are only carried out（）.

The word “addiction” is often used loosely and wryly in conversation. People will refer to themselves as “mystery book addicts” or “cookie addicts.” E.B. White writes of his annual surge of interest in gardening: “We are hooked and are making an attempt to kick the habit.” Yet nobody really believes that reading mysteries or ordering seeds by catalogue is serious enough to be compared with addictions to heroin or alcohol. The word “addiction” is here used jokingly to denote a tendency to overindulge in some pleasurable activity.People often refer to being “hooked on TV.” Does this, too, fall into the lighthearted category of cookie eating and other pleasures that people pursue with usual intensity, or is there a kind of television viewing that falls into the more serious category of destructive addiction?When we think about addiction to drugs or alcohol, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug taking. And yet the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a “high” that normal life does not supply. It is only the inability to function without the addictive substance that is dismaying the dependence of the organism upon the certain experience and increasing inability to function normally without it. Thus a person will take two or three drinks at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he “doesn't feel normal" without them.An addict does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to experience it in order to function normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it less than complete. Other potentially pleasurable experiences are no longer possible, for under the spell of the addictive experience his life is peculiarly distorted. The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfied. The organism may be temporarily stated, but soon it begins to crave again.Finally a serious addiction is distinguished from a harmless pursuit of pleasure by its distinctly destructive elements. A heroin addict, for instance, leads a damaged life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. Similarly an alcoholic's life is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcohol.Let us consider television viewing in the light of the conditions that define serious addictions.1.The essence of any serious addiction is（）.2.According to the passage, an addict’s life is peculiarly distorted because（）.3.Serious addiction is different from a harmless pursuit of pleasure by the fact that（）.4.Which kind of addiction is not mentioned in the passage?5.According to the author, the focus is usually put on（）.6.In the following paragraphs, the author will continue to discuss（）.

The story is told that in the, medieval University of Paris the professors were disputing about the number of teeth in a horse’s mouth. They agreed that the number could not be a multiple of three, for that would be an offense to the Trinity; nor could it be a multiple a seven. Neither the records of Aristotle nor the arguments of St Thomas enabled them to solve the problem. Then a shocking thing happened. A student who had been listening the discussion went out, opened a horsed mouth and counted the teeth.I want to draw two conclusions from this parable. The first is that our present perplexities about universities derive from the act of this medieval student. He symbolizes the beginning of objective inquiry, the revolt against authority, the empirical attitude, the linking of academic study with the facts of life. His act introduced research into the university. After the horse's mouth was opened knowledge became an open system. The second-conclusion is that we must think twice before we become nostalgic about the traditional university ideal. Not everything about the traditional university is worth preserving. The medieval university was hostile to what we now call academic freedom. To stay outside the corpus academicism set books even to interpret them in novel ways was to court heresy. The traditional university was not much interested in discovery: it was preoccupied with transmission of a crystallized culture. It was at certain periods not even interested in knowledge for its own sake. Many scholars pursued knowledge. If nor for preferment then as a means of spiritual and intellectual health, just as a man plays, golf not for the sake of golf but to keep down weight.I want to follow these two lines of thought by raising three question. The first is what do we want to perpetuate from the university's long tradition? What, in other words, is the content of our loyalty to the university ideal? Secondly what obligations does the university have—_what loyalties ought it to foster—towards contemporary society? And thirdly, what are the prospects that these two loyalties — one to a traditional university ideal the other to the society in which we live can be reconciled?1.The passage mainly discusses（）.2.The author uses the parable to show that（）.3.The passage states that（）.4.The author would probably agree with（）.5.The word “novel” in paragraph 2 is a synonym to（）.6.It could be inferred that the author mentions all the following except（）.

The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their “ticking”. This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia, for example: vibrates or “ticks” 24 billion times a second.One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probably lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great importance in fields such as astronomical observation and long-range navigation. The heart of this Atomichron is a cesium atom that -vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecule may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18, 000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time reading to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences developed would be checked against the differences predicted.1.Scientists expect that the atomic clock will be（）.2.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?3.It could be inferred from the passage that（）.4.The word “vibration” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to（）.5.Which of the following can best summarize the passage?

An ideal college should be a community, a place of close, natural, intimate association, not only of the young men who are its pupils and novices in various lines of study, but also of young men with older men, with mature men, with veterans and professional in the great undertaking of learning, of teachers with pupils, outside the classroom as well as inside it. No one is successfully educated within the walls of any particular classroom or laboratory or museum; and no amount of association, however close and familiar and delightful, between mere beginners can ever produce the sort of enlightenment which the young lad gets when he first-begins to catch the infection of learning. The trouble with most of our colleges nowadays is that the faculty of the college live one life and the undergraduates quite a different one. They constitute two communities. The life of the undergraduates is not touched with the personal influence of the teachers: life among the teachers is not touched by the personal impressions which should come from frequent and intimate contact with undergraduates. This separation need not exist, and, in the college of the ideal university, would not exist.It is perfectly possible to organize the life of our colleges in such a way that students and teachers alike will take part in it; in such a way that a perfectly natural daily intercourse will be established between them; and it is only by such an organization that they can be given real vitality as places of serious training, be made communities in which youngsters will come fully to realize how interesting intellectual work is, how vital, how important, how closely associated with all modern achievement—only by such an organization that study can be made to seem part of life itself. Lectures often seem very formal and empty things; recitations generally prove very dull and unrewarding. It is in conversation and natural intercourse with scholars chiefly that you find how lively knowledge is, how it ties into everything that is interesting and important, how intimate a part it is of everything that is practical and connected with the world. Men are not always made thoughtful by books, but they are generally made thoughtful by association with men who think.The present and most pressing problem of our university authorities is to bring about this vital association for the benefit of the novices of the university world, the undergraduates. Classroom methods are thorough enough; competent scholars already lecture and set tasks and superintend their performance; but the life of the average undergraduate outside the classroom and other stated appointments with his instructors is not very much affected by his studies: is almost entirely dissociated from intellectual interests.1.Successful education is the acquiring of knowledge from（）.2.The teacher and the student do not understand each other much because （）.3.The teacher and the student（）.4.Man tends to think because（）.5.It is found that a student does not often make the most use of（）to make life more worth living.

The mayor is a woman with great and（）,therefore deserves our political and financial support.

To impress a future employer one should dress neatly, be（） , and display interest in the job.

The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest（） to everyone.

Mr. Smith had an unusual（）: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.

（）to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.

When the committee（）to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical.

We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t（）to the traffic jam of the busy city.

The American society is（）an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.

At first, the（）of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible but with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.

You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an（）extra.

The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs（）it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.

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