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Directions: You’ve been hearing the phrase “Low-carbon emission” a lot recently, especially connected with the UN climate change summit in Copenhagen, Denmark. China, as a responsible country, has unveiled its first firm target for limiting greenhouse gas emissions. It aims to reduce its “carbon intensity” by the year 2020 to no more than 45% of its 2005 levels. Low-carbon lifestyles and business operations are gaining popularity as China pushes for more intense green efforts across the country. However, how can we promote a low-carbon lifestyle? Pleases write a composition of no less than 250 words illustrating your point of view on the Answer Sheet.

Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet II.

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet II.

Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been （71） ever since. The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, （72） what about the parents’ happiness? Parents suffer constantly from fear and guilt while their children （73） romp about pulling the place apart. A good old-fashioned spanking is out of the （74）; no modern child-rearing （75） would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed （76） to shout. Who knows what deep （77） wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic （78）. So it is that parent’s （79） to avoid giving their children complexes （80） a hundred years ago wasn’t even heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive （81） of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in （82） parents’ confidence in their own authority. And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact. （83） the great modern classics on child care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited （84） flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are （85） according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into （86）, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent （87） against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, （88）, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely （89） the fun. What else can the poor parents do but （90）?

Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is of interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals’ understanding, research on self-recognition in animal has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of self-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children.The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, “Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril.”Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts to touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and to have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance.1. The idea this passage discusses is whether （）.2. The first sentence of Paragraph 2 (“The evidence indicates ...”) may be interpreted to mean that nearly all animals have（）.3. The word “prior” (in last paragraph) can best be replaced by （）.4. The writers of this passage probably （）.5. The author’s purpose in this passage is to （）.

Most Americans believe that our society of consumption-happy, fun-living, jet-traveling people creates the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Contrary to this view, I believe that our present way of life leads to increasing anxiety, helplessness and, eventually, to the disintegration of our culture. I refuse to identify fun with pleasure, excitement with joy, business with happiness, or the faceless, buck-passing “organization man” with an independent individual.From this critical view our rates of alcoholism, suicide and divorce, as well as juvenile delinquency, gang rule, acts of violence and indifference to life, are characteristic symptoms of our “pathology of normalcy”. It may be argued that all these pathological phenomena exist because we have not yet reached our aim, that of an affluent society. It is true, we are still far from being an affluent society. But the material progress made in the last decades allows us to hope that our system might eventually produce a materially affluent society. Yet will we be happier then? The example of Sweden, one of the most prosperous, democratic and peaceful European countries, is not very encouraging: Sweden, as is often pointed out, in spite of all its material security has among the highest alcoholism and suicide rates in Europe, while a much poorer country like Ireland ranks among the lowest in these respects. Could it be that our dream that material welfare per se leads to happiness is just a pipe dream?Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the full unfolding of a person’s potentialities, what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one who has much or uses much. For them economic production was a means to the unfolding of man, not an end. It seems that today the means have become ends, that not only “God is dead” as Nietzsche said in the nineteenth century, but also man is dead; that what is alive are the organizations, the machines; and that man has become their slave rather than being their master.Each society creates its own type of personality by its way of bringing up children in the family, by its system of education, by its effective values (that is those values that are rewarded rather than only preached). Every society creates the type of “social character” which is needed for its proper functioning. It forms men who want to do what they have to do. What kind of men does our large-scale, bureaucratized industrialism need?It needs men who cooperate smoothly in large groups, who want to consume more and more, and whose tastes are standardized and can be easily influenced and anticipated. It needs men who feel free and independent, yet who are willing to be commanded, to do what is expected, to fit into the social machine without friction; men who can be guided without force, led without leaders, prompted without an aim except the aim to be on the move, to function, to go ahead.1. The author uses the example of Sweden in the second paragraph to show that （）.2. Compared with thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries, people today （）.3. It can be inferred from the 3rd paragraph that （）.4. According to the author, which type of individual might be most welcome in today’s society?5. The author writes this article to （）.

How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known convention, or at least on the beginnings of these. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing their precise meaning. In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has occurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many artists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received.In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create conditions in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribution, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course things are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and these individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society, which often affects him both in minor ways and in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to make his work public depends on the actual communication system: the language itself, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institutions through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his actual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication system outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communication system which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this kind of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they first show their conceptions, play their music, and present their arguments. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds.The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.1. Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication by （）.2. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that （）.3. A common characteristic of artists and scientists involved in creative work is that （）.4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?5. It is implied at the end of the passage that highly original individuals feel isolated because they （）.

Many Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there”.Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he, “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens — a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “We’re got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink. To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain from fields to processing plants to kitchens.1. What does the author think of the American’s view of their food?2. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because（）.3. By saying “they employ chemical warfare” (Paragraph 2, Line 4), Bruce Ames means （）.4. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on （）.5. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?

It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and live it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, blitz every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time, its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we’ve known it.1. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is（）.2. The author’s biggest concern is（）.3. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is（）.4. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is（）.5. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels（）.

Crippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries. The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient save a total of seven doctors — two primary care physicians and five specialists ― in a given year. Contrary to popular belief the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care. Actually increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he is reimbursed（返还费用）. Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease. Combine this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U.S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%. This trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.How do we fix this problem?It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.Who will be there to treat them?1. The author’s chief concern about the current U.S. health care system is （）.2. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that （）.3. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to （）.4. Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?5. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?

I must go now.（）, if you want that book I’ll bring it next time.

Our attitude toward our teachers should be（）, but not slavish or superstitious.

These continual（）in temperature make it impossible to decide what to wear.

Your help is（）for the success of the project.

The reference she made to her friend, the poet, was interesting but too（）for anyone to appreciate.

Neither of them thought highly of him and they both tried to（）him in his work.

One（）needed when making a cake is flour, another is sugar.

Today, housework has been made much easier by electrical （）.

John says that his present job does not provide him with enough（）for his organizing ability.

Professor Smith and Professor Brown will（）in giving the class lectures.

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