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Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)For many years, Wisconsin had one of the finest public-university systems in the country. (46) It was built on an idea: that the university’s influence should not end at the campus’s borders. That professors — and the students they taught — should “search for truth” to help state legislators write laws, aid the community with technical skills, and generally improve the quality of life across the state.Many people attribute the Wisconsin Idea, as it is known, to Charles Van Hise, the president of the University of Wisconsin from 1903 to 1918. (47) “I shall never be content until the beneficent influence of the University reaches every family of the state,” Hise said in an address in 1905. “If our beloved institution reaches this ideal it will be the first perfect state university.” His idea was written into the mission of the state’s university system, and over time that system became a model for what public higher education could be.(48) But the backbone of the idea almost went away in 2015, when Governor Scott Walker released his administration’s budget proposal which included a change to the university’s mission. The Wisconsin Idea would be tweaked. The “search for truth” would be cut in favor of a charge to “meet the state’s workforce needs.”To those outside Wisconsin, the proposed change might have seemed small. After all, what’s so bad about an educational system that propels people into a high-tech economy? (49) But to many Wisconsinites, the change struck at the heart of the state’s identity. They argued that the idea — with it core tenets of truth, public service, and “improving the human condition” — is what makes Wisconsin, Wisconsin.(50) Walker ultimately scrapped his attempt to alter the Wisconsin Idea, claiming that his administration hadn’t meant to change it, that it was just a “drafting error.” And so the Wisconsin Idea was preserved — at least in an official sense.But though the words survived intact, many Wisconsinites believe that in the years since, the change Walker had proposed has taken place nevertheless. And one of the state’s institutions, the University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point, is the epicenter of that change.In mid-November, the university announced its plans to stop offering six liberal-arts majors, including geography, geology, French, German, two-and three-dimensional art, and history. The plan stunned observers, many of whom argued that at a time when Nazism is resurgent, society needs for people to know history, even if the economy might not...

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Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)If you shop at Westfield, you’ve probably been scanned and recorded by dozens of hidden cameras built into the centers’ digital advertising billboards. The semi-camouflaged cameras can determine not only your age and gender but your mood, cueing up tailored advertisements within seconds, thanks to facial detection technology.Westfield’s Smartscreen network was developed by the French software firm Quividi back in 2015. (41) And once the billboards have your attention they hit record, sharing your reaction with advertisers. Quividi says their billboards can distinguish shoppers’ gender with 90% precision, five categories of mood from “very happy to very unhappy” and customers’ age within a five-year bracket.Mood is a particularly valuable insight for advertisers, revealing shoppers’ general sentiment towards a brand and how they feel in particular stores at certain times of the day. (42)(43) Scentre Group, Westfield Australia’s parent company, emphasises that all data collected is anonymous and that they are using facial detection, not facial recognition technology (FRT). This means generic information such as a shopper’s age and gender is collected rather than the technology using photo-matching databases to identify who customers are. A spokesperson would not confirm whether or not Westfield would consider using FRT in the future.(44) Quividi’s host of international clients include Telstra, 7-Eleven, Coca-Cola, oOH Media and HSBC bank.Terry Hartmann, vice president of Cognitec Asia Pacific, the company that develops “market-leading face recognition technologies for customers and government agencies around the world”, says using facial detection commercially is no different to Facebook’s manipulation of users’ online search history for targeted advertising — “You’re not identifying who that person is, you’re just identifying the characteristics of that person. (45)”A. There are now more than 1,600 billboards installed into 41 Westfield centers across Australia and New Zealand.B. But Microsoft has acknowledged the concerns about FRT and called for greater government regulation of the use of this technology.C. Their discreet cameras capture blurry images of shoppers and apply statistical analysis to identify audience demographics.D. That’s no different to Facebook popping up ads you might be interested in and social media picking up people based on their clicking habits or the shopping that they’ve done.E. Retail companies are increasingly turning to facial detection and facial recognition software to attract and engage a distracted audience.F. Unlike gender and age, mood is harder to determine, sitting at around 80% accuracy.

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We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes. Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases, the rest of which is hydrogen sulfide. Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”. Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise — anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it’s not understood why. Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview. Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of a bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath. Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcohol — as most do — it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.36. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.37. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?38. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because ______.39. Mouth washes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because ______.40. We can infer from this passage that ______.

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The definition of aesthetic pleasure is a popular subject for many different fields. In the following, adapted from an article found in a science journal, a physicist discusses the unique perspective that his discipline allows him.Since time immemorial, countless scholars have asked the question: What is beauty? As philosophers engage in weighty discourses, designers update the latest fashions, and artists create their masterpieces, what is considered beautiful changes at an alarming pace. Fifty years ago, the full-figured Marilyn Monroe embodied the American aesthetic value; today, a legion of Hollywood actresses vastly different in appearance from Marilyn’s have taken her place. However, aesthetic values not only differ from generation to generation, but do so along cultural lines as well. The conventions that govern painting and music vary greatly from East to West. Often, what is considered repellent to on civilization is the pinnacle of aesthetic appeal in another. Thus, when left to the sphere of human design, the search for an absolute definition of beauty remains an elusive one at best.As fundamental physicists, my colleagues and I like to believe that we are involved in a search for a beauty that does not remain impervious to definition. The beauty that we search for is not that which is laid down through the work of people and subject to ephemeral tastes, but rather that which has been established by Nature. Those not involved with physics tend to think of it as a precise and predictive science — certainly not a field of study fit for the contemplation of the beautiful. Yet one of physics’ greatest gifts is that it allows its students to look past extrinsic appearances, into a more overwhelming beauty. As a human being, I am captivated by the visual appeal of a wave crashing on the beach. As a physicist however, I possess the ability to be captivated by the much deeper beauty of the physical laws that govern such a phenomenon. Where the non-physicist sees a lovely but inexplicable event, the well-schooled physicist is able to perceive a brilliant design.In truth, since the day that Albert Einstein first proposed the notion that there might be one overarching physical theory that governs the universe, aesthetics have become a driving force in modern physics. What Einstein and we, as his intellectual descendants, have discovered is this: Nature, as its most fundamental level, is beautifully constructed. The remarkable simplicity of the laws that governs the universe is, at times, nothing short of breath-taking. And at every step, as new discoveries and technologies allow us to examine the physical world on deeper and deeper levels, we find that the beauty itself becomes more profound. As Einstein himself said, it would seem more likely that we should find ourselves living a “chaotic world, in no way graspable through thinking.” Yet here we are, closer than ever to a full understanding of the universe’s beautiful clockwork.31. The reference to “Marilyn Monroe” in Paragraph 1 primarily serves to ______.32. The author’s assertion in Paragraph 1 (“what is considered repellent…in another”) suggests that ______.33. As used in Paragraph 2, the phrase “laid down” most nearly means ______.34. The author uses the words “ephemeral” and “Nature” (Paragraph 2) in order to ______.35. In the course of outlining the various gifts of physics, the author cites all of the following EXCEPT ______.

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Democritus was fascinated by the question of what principle underlay the material universe and developed a solution that revealed the brilliance of his thought. Every material thing, Democritus believed, is made up of a finite number of discrete particles, or atoms, as he called them, whose joining together and subsequent separation account for the coming to be of things and for their passing away. The atoms themselves, he said, are infinite in number and eternal. They move, according to a necessary motion, in the void, which we would call space.Most of the main tenets of the atomism of Democritus were astonishingly modern. First, the atoms were invisibly small. They were all of the same stuff, or nature, but they came in a multitude of different shapes and sizes. Though impermeable (Democritus did not know that atoms could be split), they acted upon one another, aggregating and clinging to one another so as to produce the great variety of bodies that we see. The space outside the atoms was empty, a concept that most of Democritus’ contemporaries could not accept.Second, the atoms were in perpetual motion, in every direction, throughout empty space. There is no above or below, before or behind, in empty space, said Democritus. In modern terms, empty space did not vary according to direction. This was an extremely sophisticated notion.Third, the continual motion of the atoms was inherent. They possessed what would call inertial mass. The notion that the atoms kept on moving without being pushed, besides being another remarkable intellectual concept, was not acceptable to Aristotle and others. Only the celestial bodies, Aristotle thought, kept on moving of any by themselves, because they were divine. The general refusal by Aristotle and his influential followers to accept the law of inertia stood as an obstacle to the development of physics for two thousand years.Fourth, weight or gravity was not a property of atoms or indeed of aggregates thereof. Here Democritus was as wrong as wrong could be. Whether Democritus was right or wrong about a fifth point is not definitely decided to this day. He held that the soul is breath and because breath is material, and therefore made up of atoms, so must the soul be. He maintained that, because the soul is a physical thing, it must be determined by physical laws; it cannot be free. Even the hardy thinkers who claim to accept this theory do not act as if they do. They may deny the innate freedom of others, but they act as if they believe in their own.The tension built up by this antinomy has proved to be fruitful over the centuries. However, the notion that the soul was material proved so unacceptable to both the Aristotelians and the Christians that for nearly two millennia the atomic hypothesis languished.26. According to Democritus, empty space ______.27. The author discusses the beliefs of Aristotle and his followers (in Paragraph 4) in order to ______.28. It can be inferred from Democritus’ inclusion of the soul in his theories of the material universe (in Paragraph 6) that ______.29. Democritus would most likely believe that which of the following would explain the life cycle of a flower?30. Which is most analogous to a “hardy thinkers” (in Paragraph 6) view of the soul?

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When musing on cities over time and in our time, from the first (whenever it was) to today, we must always remember that cities are artifacts. Forests, jungles, deserts, plains, oceans — the organic environment is born and dies and is reborn endlessly, beautifully, and completely without moral constraint or ethical control. But cities — despite the metaphors that we apply to them from biology or nature (“The city dies when industry flees”; “The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”), despite the sentimental or anthropomorphic devices we used to describe cities — are artificial. Nature has never made a city, and what Nature makes that may seem like a city — an anthill, for instance — only seems like one. It is not a city.Human beings made and make cities, and only human beings kill cities, or let them die. And human beings do both — make cities and unmake them — by the same means: by acts of choice. We enjoy deluding ourselves in this as in other things. We enjoy believing that there are forces out there completely determining our fate, natural forces — or forces so strong and overwhelming as to be like natural forces — that send cities through organic or biological phases of birth, growth, and decay. We avoid the knowledge that cities are at best works of art, and at worst ungainly artifacts — but never flowers or even weeds — and that we, not some mysterious force or cosmic biological system, control the creation and life of a city.We control the creation and life of a city by the choices and agreements we make — the basic choice being, for instance, not to live alone, the basic agreement being to live together. When people choose to settle, like the starts, not wander like the moon, they create cities as sites and symbols of their choice to stop and their agreement not to separate. Now stasis and proximity, not movement distance, define human relationships. Mutual defense, control of a river or harbor, shelter from natural forces — all these and other reasons may lead people to aggregate, but once congregated, they then live differently and become different.A city is not an extended family. That is a tribe or clan. A city is a collection of disparate families who agree to function: They agree to live as if they were as close in blood or ties of kinship as they are in physical proximity. Choosing life in an artifact, people agree to live in a state of similitude. A city is a place where ties of considerable pact, a city. If a family is an expression of continuity through biology, a city is an expression of continuity through will and imagination — through mental choices making artifice, not through physical reproduction.21. The author’s purpose is primarily to ______.22. The author cites the sentence “The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism” (Paragraph 1) as ______.23. The author’s attitude toward the statements quoted in “The city dies when industry flees”; “The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism” in Paragraph 1 is ______.24. According to this passage, why is an anthill by definition unlike a city?25. Mutual defense, control of waterways, and shelter from the forces of nature are presented primarily an example of motives for people to ______.

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A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that (1) does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less (2) then, however, were the new, positive (3) that work against the digital divide. (4), there are reasons to be (5).There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more (6), it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential (7) there are. More and more (8), afraid their countries will be left (9), want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be (10) together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will (11) rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for (12) world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to (13) poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has (14) potential.To (15) advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices (16) respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an (17) of their sovereignty might well study the history of (18) (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is (19) America’s Second Wave infrastructure — (20) roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on — were built with foreign investment.

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Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(46) The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. (47) Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species- man- acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.(48) During the past quarter century this power has not only increased to one of disturbing magnitude but it has changed in character. The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials. This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable; the chain of evil it initiates not only in the world that must support life but in living tissues is for the most part irreversible. (49) In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world — the very nature of its life. Strontium 90, released through nuclear explosions into the air, comes to earth in rain or drifts down as fallout, lodges in soil, enters into the grass or com or wheat grown there, and in time takes up its abode in the bones of a human being, there to remain until his death. Similarly, chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death. Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through the alchemy of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells. (50) As Albert Schweitzer has said, “Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation.”

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Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)(41) In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. (42) Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? (43) Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. (44) Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, Ray Meddis of London University has suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals that are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. (45) A. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.B. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.C. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.D. Sleep is very ancient.E. Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved?F. Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad.

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Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion. One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements.The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present day highway.36. One significant improvement in the future car will probably be ______.37. What is the author’s main concern?38. What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?39. In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is ______.40. What is the author’s attitude toward the future of autos?

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Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects. Located on the shore of Sullivan’s Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Hugo 10 years ago. In September1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina’s shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn’t strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo’s wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan’s Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.At first sight, the house on Sullivan’s Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble “a large party lantern” at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house’s wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings — long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. “These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings,” said Huff.Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house’s ground-to-roof shell. “The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn’t look like it’s standing with its pant legs pulled up,” said Huff. “In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house,” the architect explained.31. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina’s shore line are required ______.32. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because ______.33. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ______.34. The main function of the shell is ______.35. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be ______.

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A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet. More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more.Insects can be found almost everywhere — on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colors and various shapes. Insects are extremely useful to humans, pollinating our crops as well as flowers in meadows, forests, deserts and other areas. But licks and some insects, such as mosquitoes and fleas, can transmit disease.There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range, of natural and artificial foods — paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton, other insects, plants and animals. Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces.A strong, hard but flexible shell covers their soft organs and is resistant to chemicals, water and physical impact. Their wings give them the option of flying away from dangerous situations or toward food or males. Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day.Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective color. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen, a seed or some other natural object. Some insects use bright, bold colors to send warning signals that they taste bad, sting or are poison. Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them.26. Insects can be found in large amounts in the following places EXCEPT ______.27. Insects protect themselves from chemicals by ______.28. Some insects disguise like natural objects so as to ______.29. The passage mentions that insects ______.30. The passage is mainly about ______.

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By 1970, according to a World Wildlife Fund report, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world-half of them in India. Mr. Foresters, who followed and counted tiger footprints, estimated that in May 1972 only about 1,800 tigers existed in India. Project Tiger Supported by W.W.F. was immediately launched. Nine tiger reserves were created, with armed guards protecting them.The project provided opportunities for researchers from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits. Studies show that a male tiger may control a hunting territory of between 10 and 20 square kilometers, depending on its age, size and strength. The territory of male includes the smaller territories of three or four tigresses. A tiger marks the boundaries of its territories by spraying urine and other bodily liquids on bushes. But it tries to avoid territorial fights, being guided by the distinctive body smell of other tigers. Tigers fight to death only when a tigress is defending her young, or when a tiger is guarding a tigress from the attentions of other males.The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter. But studies show that it catches only one of 20 victims it tries to attack.Fears have recently developed that Project Tiger has been too successful. It has enabled the tiger population to double (by mid-80’s), but India’s human population has also grown out of control. Currently it is 750 million and likely to be 900 million by the end of the century. Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers. A growing number of attacks by tigers on man has added to the hostility.21. The ultimate aim of Project Tiger is to ______.22. Studies have shown that ______.23. According to the passage, a tiger’s territory ______.24. Some people are afraid that Project Tiger ______.25. The author seems ______.

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Have you ever wondered what our future is like? Practically all people (1) a desire to predict their future (2). Most people seem inclined to (3) this task using causal reasoning. First we (4) recognize that future circumstances are (5) caused or conditioned by present ones. We learn that getting an education will (6) how much money we earn later and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy (7) with a shark. Second, people also learn that such (8) of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. That is, the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are (9), but not always. Thus, students learn that studying hard (10) good grades in most instances, but not every time. Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more (11) and provides techniques for dealing (12) then more accurately than does causal human inquiry. In looking at ordinary human inquiry, we need to (13) between prediction and understanding. Often, even if we don’t understand why, we are willing to act (14) the basis of a demonstrated predictive ability. Whatever the primitive drives (15) motivate human beings, satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to (16) future circumstances. The attempt to predict is often played in a (17) of knowledge and understanding. If you can understand why certain regular patterns (18), you can predict better than if you simply observe those patterns. Thus, human inquiry aims (19) answering both “what” and “why” question, and we pursue these (20) by observing and figuring out.

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Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Cloning and Financial CrisisRecently, a nearly decade old paper on the economic effects of human cloning by a French economics professor has been getting some attention. (46) The paper argues that rather than an army of low-level cloned workers or fighters as is predicted in Huxley’s Brave New World or Star Wars, cloning will lead to more and more higher skilled workers. That’s because the returns of cloning people who can make a lot of money will be higher than cloning average Joes. And when it comes to cloning, we’re in it for the money, just like everything else. What’s more, it will probably be only the rich who will be able to afford to clone themselves at the start.The result, at least at first, will be a rapid rise in our already disturbing levels of income inequality. Clones will earn more and more money, and those of us who reproduce the old fashion way will likely have poorer and poorer offspring. (47) Recently, Barbara Kiviat wrote two essays on how income inequality was a major contributor to the financial crisis. So you do the math. If cloning leads to income inequality and income inequality leads to financial crises, then we’ve got a problem. Here’s why:(48) One of the knocks on financial reform is that it is regulation through the rear view mirror. Lawmakers focus on stopping what caused the most recent financial crisis. So after the tech bubble, new rules were put into place to stop Wall Street from using analysts to push worthless stocks. The way Wall Street did IPOs came under scrutiny. And a whole set of rules were put in place to try to stop accounting frauds like Enron.(49) We all know now that none of those reforms did little to stop the latest financial crisis, which was driven not by stocks, but by housing prices, lax lending and unsound risk taking by Wall Street. So now we are putting reforms in place to reign in risky behavior at banks, and to regulate the derivatives that facilitate big hidden financial bets and add consumer protections that will eliminate the ability to make bad loans in the first place.All good things. None of that though addresses the obvious real thing we should all be concerned about when it comes to financial crises: Human Cloning. (50) The paper, which was written by Gilles Saint-Paul, a professor at the Toulouse School of Economics in France, has a surprising amount of math for a topic such as human cloning, which to the best of my knowledge doesn’t yet exist. And it has some out there ideas, like the guess that surrogate mothers might soon have salaries that match Wall Street. If cloned babies have higher expected income levels, then people will pay more for them to be made. So birthing a clone equals cha-ching.

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Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Ways to Fight Rising Food PricesFood, clothing and shelter generally top the list of basic human needs. While shopping at a discount store instead of the mall generally takes care of the clothing issue, and living in a small apartment instead of a McMansion can address your housing situation, rising world food prices can lead to some significant challenges in the food department. Everything from rising transportation costs to the development of biofuels pushes up the cost of food and put a pinch on consumers’ wallets. (41)Dining out is expensive. (42) Even good coffee is cheaper to make if you do it yourself. Fast food is excluded from the category, as high-calorie, low-quality food can be a bargain price, but the impact on your long-term health overrides the benefit of short-term savings.If you stumble around the grocery store and fill your cart with everything that catches your eye, chances are you will spend a lot more money than you needed to. (43) Plan your meals for the week ahead, and make careful note of what you need to buy in order to prepare those meals. Once the list is made, purchase only the items on the list, and avoid impulse buys.Grocery stores are designed to make you go through a maze to get to the most basic items in the hope that you will make a few impulse buys along the way. (44) Because most necessities and basic cooking items are found along the outside perimeter of the store, start there and work your way around the perimeter and step into the maze to grab any leftover items on your list.Our fast-paced society encourages convenience, and grocery stores have capitalized on this trend. Ready-made meals are easy to buy, but they come with a premium price tag. Instead of putting that rotisserie chicken and macaroni salad in your cart, buy the ingredients and prepare the meal yourself. The same concept applies to frozen entrees, baked goods and any other foods that have been prepared in some way for added convenience.(45) Pay attention to the prices and pick up the family-size package if the per-unit cost is lower and you have a place to store it. Shopping at big-box bulk retailers like Sam’s Club and Costco can also save on your bill if you shop there frequently enough to cover the cost of membership, but pay careful attention to your spending habits. The big boxes are often no bargain compared with sales prices and coupon savings at other stores. In addition, they may encourage you to buy more than you need, driving up your grocery bill.A. Just about any nutritious meal that you buy in a formal restaurant can be made at home for a fraction of the price.B. If you keep to your planned list, you won’t be tempted when you get forced down the junk food aisle to get at the milk.C. To minimize your cash outlay, prepare a shopping list before you leave home.D. While the need to eat isn’t something you can avoid, there are some steps you can take to keep the costs in check.E. Stores often place the most expensive items at eye-level.F. In addition, bulk buying can save you a significant amount of money.

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What will it mean to know the complete human genome? Eric Lander of MIT’s Whitehead Institute compares it to the discovery of the periodic table of the elements in the last 1800s. “Genomics is now providing biology’s periodic table.” says Lander. “Scientists will know that every phenomenon must be explainable in terms of this list” which will be on a single CD-ROM. Already researchers are extracting DNA from patients, attaching fluorescent molecules and sprinkling the sample on a glass chip whose surface is speckled with 10,000 known genes. A laser reads the fluorescence, which indicates which of the known genes on the chip are in the mystery sample from the patient. In only the last few months such “gene-expression monitoring” has diagnosed a muscle tumor in a boy thought to have leukemia, and distinguished between two kinds of cancer that require very different chemotherapy.But decoding the book of life poses daunting moral dilemmas. With knowledge of our genetic code will come the power to re-engineer the human species. Biologists will be able to use the genome as a parts list much as customers scour a list of china to replace broken plates and may well let prospective parents choose their unborn child’s traits. Scientists have solid leads on genes for different temperaments, body builds, statures and cognitive abilities. And if anyone still believes that parents will recoil at praying God, and leave their baby’s fate in the hands of nature, recall that couples have already created a frenzied market in eggs from Ivy League women.Beyond the profound ethical issues are practical concerns. The easier it is to change ourselves and our children, the less society may tolerate those who do not; warns Lori Andrews of Kent College of Law. If genetic tests in uterus predict mental dullness, obesity, short stature or other undesirable traits of the moment, will society disparage children whose parents let them be born with those traits? Already, Andrews finds, some nurses and doctors blame parents for bringing into the world a child whose birth defect was diagnosable before delivery; how long will it be before the same condemnation applies to cosmetic imperfections? An even greater concern is that well intentioned choices by millions of individual parents-to-be could add up to unforeseen consequences for all of humankind. It just so happens that some disease genes also confer resistance to disease: carrying a gene for sickle cell anemia, for instance, brings resistance to malaria. Are we smart enough, and wise enough, to know how knocking out “bad” genes will affect our evolution as a species?36. The main similarity between the biology’s periodic table and the periodic table of the elements is ______.37. In the second paragraph, “the book of life” refers to ______.38. We can infer that some couples are eager to get eggs from Ivy League women because ______.39. It can be learned from the passage that ______.40. The author’s attitude towards knowing the complete human genome can be described as ______.

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