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即使在麦哲伦号航天器（Magellan）还未看穿金星（Venus）的云层覆盖之前，天文学家（astronomer）便很有把握地相信金星上没有水。金星的表面很热，至少有450摄氏度。它的温度超过了水星（Mercury），你也许认为水星会比金星热，因为它离太阳更近。然而，水星没有保温的大气层。金星大气层中的二氧化碳（Carbon dioxide）把太阳的热量保留了下来。这和温室能够保存太阳的热量好让植物生长类似。太阳的光线能够穿过云层到达金星表面，但其热量却无法逃逸。天文学家们懂得,水在如此炽热的环境下是无法以液体的形式存在的。然而，它附近的两颗行星——地球和火星（Mars）——却存在着水或冰。金星过去是否也曾有过水？麦哲伦号航天器发回的照片没有提供曾有水存在的迹象。金星的表面有很多像河一样的长长的纹路，有些长达数百公里。但这些纹路似乎是熔岩（melted rock）造成的，而不是水造成的。金星上没有古海洋的迹象，也没有山峦被水冲刷的痕迹。一位天文学家说，金星太热，水星太冷，而地球恰好适合水的存在。

1. NewtonNewton used his great skill in mathematics to form a better understanding of the world and the universe. He used methods he had learned as a boy in making things. He experimented. Then he studied the results and used what he had learned to design new experiments.Newton’s work led him to create a new technique in mathematics for measuring areas curved in shape. He also used it to find how much material was contained in solid objects. The technique he created became known as integral calculus.One day, sitting in the garden, he watched an apple fall from a tree. He began to wonder if the same force that pulled the apple down also kept the moon circling the Earth. Newton believed it was. And he believed it could be measured.He called the force gravity. He began to examine it carefully.He decided that the strength of the force keeping a planet in orbit around the sun depended on two things. One was the amount of mass in the planet and the sun. The other was how far apart they were.Newton was able to find the exact relationship between distance and gravity. He multiplied the mass of one space body by the mass of the others. Then he divided that number by the square of their distance apart. The result was the strength of the gravity force that tied them to each other.2. Hubble’s LawIn the late 1920s, Hubble studied the movement of galaxies through space. His investigation led to the most important astronomical discovery of the 20th century—the expanding universe.Earlier observations about the movement of galaxies had been done by V. M.Silpher. He discovered that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds between three-hundred kilometers a second and one-thousand eight-hundred kilometers a second.Hubble understood the importance of Silpher’s findings. He developed a plan for measuring both the distance and speed of as many galaxies as possible. With his assistant at Mount Wilson, Milton Humason, Hubble measured the movement of galaxies. The two men did this by studying what Hubble called the “red shit”. It also is known as the Doppler effect.The Doppler effect explains changes in the length of light waves or sound waves as they move toward you or away from you. Light waves from an object speeding away from you will stretch into longer wavelengths. They appear red. Light waves from an object speeding toward you will have shorter wavelengths. They appear blue.Observations of forty-six galaxies showed Hubble that the galaxies were traveling away from Earth. The observations also showed that speed was linked directly to the galaxies’ distance from Earth. Hubble discovered that the farther away a galaxy is, the greater its speed. This scientific rule is called Hubble’s Law.3. DreamMen and women in ancient times often believed that spirits visited them in their dreams. The spirits brought messages of hope or danger. Ancient Assyrians (亚述人), Egyptians, Greeks, and, Romans all turned to dreams for supernatural answers to their questions. They believed dreams could show the future, warn of evil, bring happiness. Priests (僧侣) and medicine men studied dreams to learn the cause and cure of sicknesses. They built temples and made sacrifices so their gods would speak to them through dreams.The ancient Greeks, specially, saw dreams as hidden messages from the gods. However, one Greek philosopher, Aristotle, did not. He believed the gods would speak only to a few special people, not everyone. And everyone had dreams. Almost two-thousand-four-hundred years ago, another Greek—Hippocrates—wrote about dreams. Hippocrates is considered the father of medicine. Hippocrates believed dreams could be used as tools for learning the nature of a person’s sickness. For example, suppose a person dreamed about a fruit tree that would not grow. Such a dream, Hippocrates said could mean that the person had a disease of the reproductive system (再生系统).Some historians think the dreams of ancient peoples led to the development of religion. This includes the belief in the survival of the spirit after death.

President Bush takes to the bully pulpit to deliver a stern lecture to America’s business elite. The Justice Dept. stuns the accounting profession by filing a criminal indictment of Arthur Andersen LLP for destroying documents related to its audits of Enron Corp. On Capitol Hill, some congressional panels push on with biased hearings on Enron’s collapse and, now, another busted New Economy star, telecom’s Global Crossing. Lawmakers sign on to new bills aimed at tightening oversight of everything from pensions and accounting to executive pay.To any spectators, it would be easy to conclude that the winds of change are sweeping Corporate America, led by George W. Bush, who ran as “a reformer with result”. But far from deconstructing the corporate world brick by brick into something cleaner, sparer, and stronger, Bush aides and many legislators are preparing modest legislative and administrative reforms. Instead of an overhaul, Bush’s team is counting on its enforcers, Justice and a newly empowered Securities & Exchange Commission, to make examples of the most egregious offenders. The idea is that business will quickly get the message and clean up its own act.Why won’t the outraged rhetoric result in more changes? For starters, the Bush Administration warns that any rush to legislate corporate behavior could produce a raft of flawed hills that raise costs without halting abuses. Business has striven to drive the point home with an intense lobbying blitz that has convinced many lawmakers that over-regulation could startle the stock market and perhaps endanger the nascent economic recovery.All this sets the stage for Washington to get busy with predictably modest results. A surge of caution is sweeping would be reformers on the Hill. “They know they don’t want to make a big mistake,” says Jerry J. Jasinowski, president of the National Association of Manufacturers. That go-slow approach suits the White House. Aides say the President, while personally disgusted by Enron’s sellout of its pensioners, is reluctant to embrace new sanctions that frustrate even law-abiding corporations and create a litigation bonanza for trial lawyers. Instead, the White House will push for narrowly targeted action, most of it carried out by the SEC, the Treasury Dept, and the Labor Dept. The right outcome, Treasury Secretary Paul H.O’Neill said on Mar. 15, “depends on the Congress not legislating things that are over the top.”To O’Neill and Bush, that means enforcing current laws before passing too many new ones. Nowhere is that stance clearer than in the Andersen indictment. So the Bush Administration left the decision to Justice Dept. prosecutors rather than White House political operatives or their reformist fellows at the SEC.1. We can learn from the first paragraph that .2. By “outraged rhetoric” (Paragraph 3), the author is talking about .3. It seems that the President, in face of the present situation, .4. The conclusion can be drawn from the text that in the wake of Andersen’s scandal, the government .5. What the author wants to suggest may be best interpreted as .

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members or groups. Society’s economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself, it gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that .2. According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they .3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on .4. Emotions are significant for man’s survival and adaptation because .5. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they .

Penny had dropped the large towel, which was flung around her shoulders, and was running into the sea. “Come on,” she said. “I’ll race you.”Nicholas took off his beach-wrap and followed her into the water. It was chilly enough to make him gasp but he steeped in bravely, and continued until he was up to his waist and then dived, coming up close to her side. Then he set off at a steady rhythmic crawl for the boat, about fifty yards away.“Hi!” shouted Penny, chasing after him. “I thought you couldn’t swim!” “I never said so.” Nicholas called back and he went faster, finding to his joy that his injured hands were moving easily in the water. The early morning sun shone warmly on his wet head and the sea sparkled. He reached the boat a little breathless, but happier than he had ever been since the night of the crash. He knew he swam well. He had been taught by a professional teacher when he was only seven and since then he had bathed in most of the oceans of the world. It was the only sport allowed to him and he had made the most of it.Penny pulled herself up into the boat and sat beside him, laughing. “You little monkey!” she said. “And there was me saying I’d teach you to swim.”“It was very kind of you,” said Nicholas sedately, but his eyes smiled.“You’ll have to go in for the races in August,” she told him. “You’ll beat anyone we’ve got here!”“Oh, I don’t think I’d be allowed,” began Nicholas, but Penny broke in, “Why on earth not? Don’t forget you’re Nicky Field now, not anyone special. Why shouldn’t you go in for races if you want to?”Not anyone special! Nicholas Wakefield turned this over in his mind. Did he like it or didn’t he? For as long as he could remember he had been someone very special indeed. The greatest people in the world of music had watched him at the piano, and wherever he went he had to be protected from pressmen and photographers. In television studios all over the world he had received VIP treatment. But now, just for a few weeks he was not special at all, and only good at swimming. He was going to like it! Somehow it all seemed a wonderful joke.1. To enter the water Nicholas .2. Why did he feel satisfied?3. When he reached the boat he felt .4. Penny called Nicholas a “little monkey” because .5. What did Nicholas Wakefield find funny?

My father had returned from his business visit to London when I came in, rather late, to supper. I could tell at once that he and my mother had been discussing something. In that half-playful, half-serious way I knew so well, he said, “How would you like to go to Eton?”“You bet,” I cried quickly catching the joke. Everyone knew it was the most expensive, the most famous of schools. You had to be entered at birth, if not before. Besides, even at 12 or 13, I understood my father. He disliked any form of showing off. He always knew his proper station in life, which was in the middle of the middle class, our house was semi-detached; he had shrunk from joining the aristocratic Royal Liverpool Golf Club and approached a smaller one instead; though once he had acquired a second-hand Rolls-Royce at a remarkably low price, he felt embarrassed driving it, and quickly changed it for an Austin 1100.This could only be his delightful way of telling me that the whole boarding school idea was to be dropped. Alas! I should also have remembered that he had a liking for being different from everyone else, if it did not conflict with his fear of drawing attention to himself.It seemed that he had happened to be talking to Graham Brown of the London office, a very nice fellow, and Graham had a friend who had just entered his boy at the school, and while he was in that part of the world he thought he might just as well phone them. I remember my eyes stinging and my hands shaking with the confusion of my feelings. There was excitement, at the heart of great sadness.“Oh, he doesn’t want to go away,” said my mother, “You shouldn’t go on like this.” “It’s up to him,” said my father. “He can make up his own mind.”1. If a father wants to send his son to Eton, he had better apply for it .2. The house they lived in was .3. His father sold his Rolls-Royce because .4. The writer’s father enjoyed being different as long as .5. What was the writer’s reaction to the idea of going to boarding-school?

Despite his ____ planning, the exposition turned out to be a failure.

Many of the former associates ____ him when it became known how he had abused his position of trust.

An enquiring mind can catch ____ to a new idea quickly.

He was ____ of stealing and sent to prison for the third time.

He made a ____ gesture, which offended the young lady greatly.

Despite his ____ planning, the exposition turned out to be a failure.

His remarks finally ____ me that I had made the right decision.

They have ____ most carefully the time and the materials needed to complete the project.

Dr. Johnson was granted an honored title in ____ of his valuable work for the college.

Each boy and each girl ____ ordered to leave the classroom.

People are criticizing the economic policies that have ____ the decline of manufacturing industry.

The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally ____ improvements in diet.

She decided to ____ in the history course at the local evening school.

It would be ____ to get a second opinion before taking any further action.

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