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B. Translate the following paragraph into English.贸易增长在很大程度上取决于能源的供应。中东可以开采的原油还有一万亿桶。但是 1974年的石油危机使人们对煤再度产生了兴趣并且去寻找可供选择的其他能源。在今后的年代里，太阳能、风能和核能将起到重大的作用。

B. Translate the following passage into English.如果失败了你会怎么做？很多人可能会选择放弃。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是坚持你的方向和目标。在通往成功的路上，你必须坚持你的方向。它就像一盏灯，在黑暗中为你指路，帮助你渡过难关。否则，你很容易就会迷失方向或犹豫不前。方向意味着目标，人生如果没有目标，将一事无成。你可以试着把你的目标写在纸上，并制定实现目标的计划。这样，你就会懂得如何合理安排时间，如何正确地支配时间。而且你还要有这样的信念：只要你一直坚持自己的方向，你就一定可以成功。

B.Translate the following paragraphs into English.科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。

B. Translate the following paragraphs into English.中国作为文明古国，同样有着辉煌的城市发展史。中国的城市也具有自身特色。改革开放30多年来，中国工业化、城镇化（urbanization）步伐明显加快，城镇居民从1.7亿人增加到近7亿人，形成了一批有重要影响与发展活力的城市群，促进了经济发展和社会进步。城市化对经济、社会、文化都有巨大而深远的影响。面向未来，中国致力于推动科学发展，加快转变经济发展方式，把城镇化作为现代化建设的重大战略。

B.Translate the following paragraphs into English.(15 points)中国是有着悠久文明的国家。在世界几大古代文明中，中华文明是没有中断、延续发展至今的文明，已经有5000多年历史了。我们的祖先在几千年前创造的文字至今仍在使用。2000多年前，中国就出现了诸子百家的盛况。他们提出的很多理念，至今仍然深深影响着中国人的生活。中国人看待世界、看待社会、看待人生，有自己独特的价值体系。中国人独特而悠久的精神世界，让中国人具有强大的民族自信心，也培育了以爱国主义为核心的民族精神。

B. Translate the following into English(15%)管理者中富有激情，具有个人魅力和感染力的人凤毛麟角。那么，其他和我一样的大部分人该怎么办呢？你也许学不来魅力四射，但是你一定能够学会直截了当、有效地与员工谈论工作。能够学会在合适的时间以合适的方式、用词精准地与员工谈论工作。最有效的管理者拥有一种特别的谈话方式。他们有着特殊的姿势、风度以及语调。他们的谈话方式既有权威感，又容易让人产生共鸣；既充分表达了严格的要求，又让人感到谈话人所给予的巨大支持；既严肃训导，又让人能够接受。这种谈话既不同于朋友，也不同于老板，恰好介于两者中间。

Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than the programming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and programming. Given this information. Why do commercials sound so loud?The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its peak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that much less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory impact in the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band. Another approach is to write the script so that lots of consonants are used, because people are more aware of consonants than vowel sounds. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within which the commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming from programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer attention. For example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to-two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.1. According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials .A. does not exceed that of programsB. is greater than that of programsC. varies over a large range than that of programsD. is less than that of programs2. Commercials create the sensation of loudness because .A. TV stations always operate at the highest sound levelsB. their sound levels are kept around peak levelsC. their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency rangesD. unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range3. Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because .A. pop songs attract viewer attentionB. it can increase their loudnessC. advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programsD. advertisers want to merge music with commercials4. One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that .A. the human voices in commercials have more auditory impactB. people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound qualityC. high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary messageD. they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is happening5. In the passage, the author is trying to tell us .A. how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attentionB. how the loudness of TV ads is overcomeC. how advertisers control the sound properties of TV adsD. how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads

So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible.Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world or printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy”, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.When the role of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.1. The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that .A. too much time is spent in teaching about readingB. reading tasks are assigned with little guidanceC. it is one of the most difficult school coursesD. students spend endless hours in reading2. The teaching or reading will be successful if .A. teachers can make their teaching activities observableB. teachers can devise the most efficient system for readingC. teachers can improve conditions at school for studentsD. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading3. The word “scrutiny” (Line 3, Para. 3) most probably means .A. suspicionB. observationC. controlD. inquiry4. According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when .A. teaching helps children in the search for knowledgeB. teacher and learner roles are interchangeableC. reading enriches children’s experienceD. children become highly motivated5. The main idea of the passage is that .A. reading is more complicated than generally believed B. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possibleC. reading ability is something acquired rather than taughtD. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read

Directions: As the development of modern science and technology, some aspects of traditional culture are being lost, so some people think that the traditional culture and technology will be replaced by the modern science and technology such as computer or internet. Do you agree or disagree with this view? Write an essay of approximately 200 words to support your view. Give specific and reasonable examples to make your argument convincing.

A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.The air we breathe is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet without it we could not survive more than a few minutes. For the most part, the same air is available to everyone, and everyone needs it. Some people use the air to sustain them while they sit around and feel sorry for themselves. Others breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make a magnificent life for themselves.Opportunity is the same way. It is everywhere. Opportunity is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet opportunity alone is not enough to create success. Opportunity must be seized and acted upon in order to have value. So many people are so anxious to “get in” on a “ground floor opportunity’’, as if the opportunity will do all the work. That’s impossible. Just as you need air to breathe, you need opportunity to succeed. It takes more than just breathing in the fresh air of opportunity, however. You must make use of that opportunity. That’s not up to the opportunity. That’s up to you. It doesn’t matter what “floor” the opportunity is on. What matters is what you do with it.

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a give-and-take basis.In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the ability of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd. The complementary physical strengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra, with a running speed equal to that of the ostrich, has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich. When ostriches and zebra intermix for grazing, each animal benefits from the ability of the other to detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger, both animals are alerted and take off. With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator except the cheetah.1.Choose the drawing that describes a commensalist state.2.The difference between mutualism and commensalism is that（）.3.In paragraph 2, the word "that" refers to（）.4.Which of the following drawing describes what happens when a lion approaches a zebra and an ostrich?5.From the passage, we can learn that（）.

Thunderstorms, with their jagged bursts of lighting and roaring thunder, are actually one of nature's primary mechanisms for transferring heat from the surface of the earth into the atmosphere. A thunderstorm starts when low-lying pockets of warm air from the surface of the earth begin to rise. The pocket of warm air float upwards through the air above that is both cooler and heavier. The rising pockets cool as their pressure decreases, and their heat is released above the condensation line through the formation of cumulus clouds.What will happen with these clouds depends on the temperature of the atmosphere. In winter, the air temperature differential between higher and lower altitudes is not extremely great, and the temperature of the rising air mass drops more slowly. In summer, however, when there is a high accumulation of heat near the earth’s surface, in direct contrast to the considerably colder air higher up, the temperature differential between higher and lower altitudes is much more pronounced. As warm air rises in this type of environment, the temperature drops much more rapidly than it does in winter; when the temperature drops more than four degrees Fahrenheit per thousand feet of altitude, cumulus clouds aggregate into a single massive cumulonimbus cloud, or thunderhead.In isolation, a single thunderstorm is an impressive but fairly benign way for Mother Earth to defuse trapped heat from her surface; thunderstorms, however, can appear in concert, and the resulting show, while extremely impressive, can also prove extraordinarily destructive. When there is a large-scale collision between cold air and warm air masses during the summer months, a squall line, or series of thunderheads, may develop. It is common for a squall line to begin when an advancing cold front meets up with and forces itself under a layer of warm and moist air, creating a line of thunderstorms that races forward at speeds of approximately forty miles per hour. A squall line, which can be hundreds of miles long and can contain fifty distinct thunderheads, is a magnificent force of nature with incredible potential for destruction. Within the squall line often near its southern end, can be found supercells, long-lived rotating storms of exceptional strength that serve as the source of tornadoes.1. The topic of the passage is（）.2. The word "mechanism" in paragraph 1 most probably means（）.3. It can be inferred from the passage that, in summer, （）.4. Choose the drawing below that most closely resembles a squall line.5. All of the following are mentioned in the passage about supercells except that they（）.

Monkeys and beagles were central to recent studies linking regular physical activity and an enhanced diet to improved brain function. The monkeys participated in an Oregon Health and Science University study. It showed primates that exercised regularly — using a treadmill five days per week — had a higher brain capillary volume after 20 weeks than a control group that did not exercise. Also, monkeys in the exercise group more rapidly learned new tasks. The study showed that the most significant brain benefits were experienced by monkeys deemed “least fit” at the start of the trial. The Oregon researchers said studying monkeys eliminates any skewing from the decidedly human behaviors of smoking, drinking and overeating. The findings were discussed at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in New Orleans.Another new study employed 39 beagles to test the brain-enhancing effectiveness of antioxidant-rich foods (especially those rich in vitamins C and E and beta carotene). University of Toronto researchers discovered that old dogs might possibly even learn some new tricks with the proper fortified food in their dinner bowls. “We found old dogs on the antioxidant diet performed better on a variety of cognitive tests than dogs not on the diet,” said P. Dwight Tapp, "a study co-author now based at the University of California at Irvine.” In fact, the dogs eating the antioxidant-fortified foods performed as well as young beagles.” For the uninitiated ― or those of us who have never lived with an old beagle or other canines — dogs can experience the same memory loss and slowed cognitive function that occur in humans.Tapp and colleagues found that the antioxidant-rich diet helped improve cognitive skills in old dogs but not young dogs. A follow-up study is ongoing to determine if feeding the younger dogs the special diet helps prevent loss of brain function.Arthur F. Kramer figures to stick with humans in his brain research. Kramer is a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was lead author on a pioneering study published earlier this year that showed positive physiological changes in brain matter due to regular exercise.The typical man or woman loses brain matter as part of the aging process. In a first, Kramer and colleagues used magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) scans to show that individuals 55 and older who exercise regularly — walking briskly for 20 minutes three times per week — can preserve gray- and white-matter regions of the brain." "The great thing is it doesn't take too long to realize these benefits,” Kramer said, “We saw significant cognitive improvement in people 55 and older over just six months." “Gray matter consists of a series of thin tissue layers in brain cells such as neurons that are critical to learning and memory. White matter is found in the myelin sheath containing nerve fibers that transmit signals throughout the brain. As people age, beginning after 30, the two types of matter shrink in a pattern closely matched by decreased cognitive performance, Kramer said. Kramer and his colleagues have completed other cutting-edge research about the brain and regular physical activity. One study slotted for 2004 publication follows up on the gray/white-matter study. Preliminary results indicate that the same sort of brisk walking will enhance the performance capabilities of cortical circuits in the brain.“We are reporting on function and not just the physiology of the gray and white matter", Kramer explained. Another study to be published in 2004 builds on earlier findings that active older women on hormone-replacement therapy exhibit greater cognitive abilities than older men who are regular exercisers. In new findings, Kramer and colleagues have found less actual brain tissue deterioration in women 55 and older who have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies. Despite being a “former jock,” Kramer didn't expect that his research career would turn so directly toward fitness and physical activity. He has become a leading researcher in the area during the last decade and, along with several colleagues, turned the University of Illinois into a respected center for research on healthy aging.“There is no downside to physical activity for older adults who get clearance from their physicians to start a program,” he said, “We know it can help prevent heart disease and protect against stroke damage. Now we are building evidence that regular physical activity allows you to think better.”1.The study conducted by Oregon Health and Science University showed that（）.2.According to the passage, which of the following statement about antioxidant-rich foods is false?3.Arthur F. Kramer is a professor in（）.4.According to the passage, people begin to age after（）.5.From Professor Kramer’s research, we can infer that（）.

The ultimate goal of the suicide bomber is to force a reaction on the part of the soldiers targeted by the attack, to make them see the civilian population around them as a potential enemy, and respond accordingly. When every civilian carry a wide attack, then even soldiers who are not normally trigger-happy may be goaded by fear into harming innocent people. It is important to realize that stopping the suicide attacker before he (or she) commits his attack is next to impossible; he will certainly try to detonate his explosives as soon as a soldier approaches.The Israeli army has been forced to deal with suicide attackers over the past 20 years in southern Lebanon, as well as more recently in the West Bank and Gaza strip. The Israeli experience has shown that the only hope of countering this phenomenon lies in thwarting the attack before the attacker sets out on his mission.The suicide bomber is not a lone “crazy” acting out of rage. Rather, he is the tip of an operational iceberg consisting of recruiters, intelligence gatherers, bomb makers, and trainers.All of these elements are vulnerable to counter-terrorist operations, provided that one has accurate intelligence and the military capability to act decisively against them.In Israel such counter-terrorist operations often take the form of “targeted killing” operations against those responsible for sending the suicide bomber on his mission.However, if the intelligence needed to do this is lacking, it falls to defensive measures to stop the attack, or at least to minimize the damage. Roadblocks, check- points, and surprise inspections can help in locating the suicide attacker and preventing him from reaching his target. Precautions must be taken not to create easy targets for suicide attacks, by avoiding the concentration of soldiers in one place or housing command centers in multi-story buildings.In dealings with the civilian population, the possibility of booby traps must be taken into account. Thus someone wishing to surrender should be checked from a distance to see that he is not carrying explosives. Vehicles should be prevented from directly entering a military base or checkpoint. All services provided by members of the indigenous population should be subject to stringent security checks.The military should also be aware of the possibility of multiple suicide attacks, where explosives are detonated in sequence in order to target first responders or to overcome consecutive obstacles in the way of penetration of a protected space.The possibility of suicide operations on the modern battlefield complicates the military campaign, and requires a whole different mindset from that needed for conventional warfare. Soldiers must be made aware of the risks and be ready to change their collective behavior in accordance with the changing circumstances, without playing into the enemy’s hands by targeting the civilian population.1. The suicide bomber commits suicide to （）.2. From the passage, we can infer that（）.3. In preventing the occurrence of suicide attacks, counter-terrorist operation requires（）.4. Who is often the first targeted killing for the counter-terrorist operations?5. The military may walk straight into the bombers’ trap if they（）.

The other day an acquaintance of mine, an outgoing and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the “empty” time looking at things in（1）solitary delight. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in（2）to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. What had he been afraid of, I（3）myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that lie bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on the brink of（4）; he is about to be launched into his own inner space, space as immense, unexplored and sometimes frightening as outer space to the astronaut. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. For anyone（5）can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it? The（6）impact gets lost, or diffused. Loneliness is most acutely felt with other people, for with others,（7）with a lover sometimes, we suffer from our differences of taste and mood. Alone we can afford to be wholly whatever we are and to feel whatever（8）feel absolutely. That is a great luxury! For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to（9）a few pages, take a walk with my dog, lie down in the afternoon for a long think（why does one think better in a（10）position?）, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness.

Someone’s future blurs and goes blank as anticipation（）nothingness.

I've become somewhat physically unfit, so I've started going to the gym once a week to see if I can（）my body.

Whether you live to eat or eat to live, food is a major（）in every family’s budget.

Being（）your job is fine, of course, but you shouldn't let work eat up all your leisure time.

For years she was dependent on drugs and drink and it was only in her fifties that she finally managed to overcome these（）.

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