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在新一轮科技革命中，新材料、智能制造、生物技术等新技术兴起，新科技推动卫生健康行业形成新业态。临床诊疗、医疗装备、新药研发、健康管理等都呈现出数据化、精准化、智能化的特征。未来的医务从业人员必须适应现代科技知识和技能发展的新要求，必须具备新的科技能力。与此同时，新技术正在不断改变医学教育生态。迅速发展壮大的全球化、网络化学习平台不断推动教学方式的多样化，塑造着新型教学模式，增强学生学习的自主性和独立性。医学院校应该不遗余力打破现有瓶颈束缚，通过聚焦培养理念、专业设置、培养模式等不同路径，全面提升医学教育质量，培育更多优秀医学人才。它们应该抓住“新医科”建设的难得机遇，为中国卫生健康事业高质量发展提供有力的医学人才保证。

For all the technological wonders of modern medicine, from gene-editing to fetal surgery, healthcare—with its fax machines and clipboards—is often stubbornly antiquated. This outdated era is slowly drawing to a close as, belatedly, the industry catches up with the artificial-intelligence (AI) revolution. And none too soon, argues Eric Topol, a cardiologist and enthusiast for digital medicine.Dr. Topol’s vision of medicine’s future is optimistic. He thinks AI will be particularly useful for repetitive, error-prone tasks, such as sifting images, scrutinizing heart traces for abnormalities or transcribing doctors’ words into patient records. It will be able to harness masses of data to work out optimal treatments (for both conditions and individuals), and improve workflows in hospitals. In short, Al is set to save time, lives and money.Much of this is hypothetical—but AI is already outperforming people in a variety of narrow jobs for which it has been trained. Eventually it may be able to diagnose and treat a wider range of diseases. Even then, Dr. Topol thinks, humans would oversee the algorithms, rather than being replaced by them.The fear, for some people, is that AI will be used to deepen the assembly-line culture of modern medicine. If it confers a “gift of time” on doctors, he argues that this bonus should be used to prolong consultations, rather than simply speeding through them more efficiently.That is a fine idea, but as health swallows an ever-bigger share of national wealth, greater efficiency is exactly what is needed, at least so far as governments and insurers are concerned. Otherwise, rich societies may fail to cope with the needs of ageing and growing populations. An extra five minutes spent chatting with a patient is costly as well as valuable. The AI revolution will also empower managerial bean-counters, who will increasingly be able to calibrate and appraise every aspect of treatment. The autonomy of the doctor will inevitably be undermined, especially, perhaps, in public-health systems which are duty-bound to trim inessential costs.The Hippocratic Oath holds that there is an art to medicine as well as a science, and that “warmth, sympathy and understanding may outweigh the surgeon’s knife or the chemist’s drug”. That is not just a platitude: the patients of sympathetic physicians have been shown to fare better. As Dr. Topol says, it is hard to imagine that a robot could really replace a human doctor. Yet as demand for health care outstrips the supply of human carers, the future may involve consultations on smartphones and measurements monitored by chatbots. The considerately warmed stethoscope, placed gently on a patient’s back, may become a relic of the past.In the end, technology may even be able to solve the empathy deflect. Japanese engineers are working on robots that simulate human presence, or sonzai-kan. A machine could never truly develop the shared humanity that helps patients heal. That doesn’t mean it cannot be faked.1.What is true of health care based on Paragraph One?2. According to Dr. Topol, what should humans do to AI?3. What does “this bonus” mean in the fourth paragraph?4.The Hippocratic Oath is quoted to ________.5. What could be the best title for the passage?

Eating disorders are a range of psychiatric conditions characterized by these main patterns of behavior restricting food intake, bingeing, or rapidly consuming large amounts of food, and purging or eliminating calories through vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, and other harmful means. An eating disorder can involve any one or any combination of these behaviors. For example, people living with anorexia usually restrict the amount of food they eat, while bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binges and purges.You can’t tell whether someone has an eating disorder from their weight alone. People who weigh what medical professionals might consider a healthy range can have eating disorders, including severe ones that damage their long-term health in invisible ways, including osteoporosis, anemia, heart damage, and kidney damage.Just as we can’t tell whether someone has an eating disorder based on their weight alone, we can’t get rid of these disorders simply by eating differently. That’s because eating disorders are, at their core, psychiatric illnesses. From what we understand, they involve a disruption to someone’s self-perception. Most people who experience them are severely critical of themselves and report many self-perceived flaws. They may use eating to try to regain some control over an internal sense of chaos.We still don’t know exactly what causes eating disorders. There likely isn’t a single cause, but a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute. Sometimes, other mental illnesses-like depression or anxiety-can cause symptoms of eating disorders. In addition, certain psychological factors, such as perfectionism and body image dissatisfaction, are risk factors for eating disorders. Several social factors contribute, too, including internalized weight stigma, exposure to bullying, racial and ethnic assimilation, and limited social networks. Although there is a common misconception that only women experience eating disorders, people of all genders can be affected. As these disorders intimately affect the development of one’s identity and self-esteem, people are particularly vulnerable to developing them during adolescence.Although these are among the most challenging psychiatric disorders to treat, effective therapies and interventions exist, and many people who receive treatment make a full recovery. Treatment has a higher chance of success the earlier it starts after someone develops disordered eating behaviors. But unfortunately, less than half of people with an eating disorder will seek and receive treatment. Because of the complex effects of eating disorders on both the body and the mind, treatment usually includes a combination of nutritional counseling and monitoring, psychotherapy, and in some cases, medications.The prevention of eating disorders usually involves active communication between the parents and the teens. Educate the teens on eating disorders. Discuss the influence of media and famous people. Encourage the teens to question messages delivered to them, especially the body image. Follow healthy eating habits and show positive body image behavior.1.What could be the misconceptions about eating disorder?2. What is the origin of eating disorder as a disease?3. Which of the following is true about the cause of eating disorder?4.How can we treat eating disorder?5. Which of the following ways can prevent eating disorders in teens?

John Stuart Mill argued in the 19th century that an individual should be free to do as he pleased, so long as he did not harm anyone else. The ban on smoking in pubs, bars and company cars—in effect, in all enclosed public spaces—that came into effect in England decades ago was informed by such thinking. Brought in to protect the health of non-smokers who worked in or frequented such places, it seems to have worked. Research published on June 9th this year shows that, since the ban, fewer people have been admitted to hospital with symptoms of a heart attack.Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette is far more noxious than the nicotine-infused fumes inhaled by the smoker. In the minutes after a neighbor has lit a cigarette, a passive smoker’s chances of suffering an immediate heart attack rise rapidly as toxins in the fug make his blood stickier. His long-term risk also rises, as narrowing arteries threaten him with heart disease and his chances of developing lung cancer and numerous other nasties also increase.Anna Gilmore of the University of Bath and her colleagues looked at how many people were admitted to hospital with a heart attack in England between 2002 and 2008. About 110000 people are struck down each year; almost a fifth of them die before they reach hospital, and a further tenth within a month of going into one. Ms. Gilmore and her team found that, in the 12 months after the smoking ban came into force, some 1200 fewer people were admitted to hospital with heart attacks than even the prevailing downward trend had suggested was likely. That drop of 2.4% saved millions of pounds in emergency hospital care.When the ban took effect, England was the largest jurisdiction to forbid smoking in enclosed public spaces. Studying a large population tends to give a more accurate result than studies of smaller places such as Scotland, parts of Italy and New York state, where more impressive reductions have been claimed. When the town of Helena, in Montana, banned smoking for 6 months, for example, hospital admissions for heart attacks almost halved from seven to less than four a month. Ms. Gilmore reckons her figure, which covers far more people, is more robust.Because heart disease is the most common cause of death in wealthy countries, even a relatively small reduction in heart attacks is good news for a great many people. In Britain, the freedom to smoke remains, but not at the expense of others.1. Which of the following behaviors would John Stuart Mill most probably approve of?2.According to Paragraph 1, the ban on smoking in England .3. Second-hand smoke from a burning cigarette .4. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that the smoking ban .5. Anna Gilmore regards their research as more convincing in that it .

Japan is one of the planet’s oldest societies, pipped only by tiny Monaco for the proportion of elderly in the population. Lengthening life expectancy is a boon for millions of Japanese retirees leading full lives. But it also means a sharp increase in the numbers suffering from dementia. Who, asks Florian Coulmas, an expert on Japanese ageing, should accept responsibility for people unable to articulate their own interests or care for themselves?Over 5m elderly Japanese suffer from dementia. By 2025 some 7m will need care, the health ministry predicts. Most live at home, putting a strain on relatives. A new survey says three-quarters of people looking after elderly family members are at their wits’ end, and many have considered suicide, or worse: last year police recorded 44 cases of murder or attempted murder in such homes.Japan has made strides in coping with the problems of a population with ever fewer young people. The retirement age has been pushed back, and it is not unusual for 70-year-olds to be driving taxis, working as watchmen on building sites and serving in supermarkets. Many elderly say they are keen to keep on working for as long as they are fit. As for dealing with senility, some approaches have been innovative. Convenience stores, everywhere in Japan, offer themselves as safe havens for wandering pensioners. Phone and car companies have made products with simpler, more intuitive functions. Policy lags, however. Public funding for long-term care for the elderly was the equivalent of just 1.2% of GDP in 2010 versus 3.7% in the Netherlands, according to the most recent OECD comparison. One reason is that relatives are still the main caregivers in Japan, says Miharu Nakanishi of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science. Family members often quit work and burn through savings to look after senile parents.Undaunted, the prime minister, promises that Japan will become an example to the world in dealing with senility. Among his promises is better funding for research into Alzheimer’s disease and more money to train 60000 doctors in its early diagnosis. But much more should be done, including lowering the immigration barriers that keep out foreign care workers (which the president shows little sign of doing). Ms. Nakanishi says the entire national strategy for dealing with dementia is fragmented. Above all, she says, the government has failed properly to consult with those who actually take care of the elderly.1. Who bear(s) the responsibility to take care of old people in Japan?2. What is the real situation concerning the aging problem in Japan?3. Japan has taken following steps to deal with the aging problem except .4. Japanese government falls behind mainly in the aspect of .5. What can we infer from the last sentence of the passage?

Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.Our bodies are likely to get various diseases and it depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e., people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system.There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.1.The study on the military school students indicated that .2.The immune system .3. In the past, many doctors .4.The study of recently bereaved people shows that .5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

I had two routine checkups last week, and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they’re taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.On each history, however, the section labeled Family Health History gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic, but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL, or bad cholesterol, my doctor should know that, because I’m probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer, my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.While I know something about the history of my parents’ health—my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson’s disease, and my mother died of lung cancer—there’s plenty I don’t know. What were my parents’ cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes, but I can’t swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents, whose genes I also have, I’m even more in the dark.That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona, the U. S. Surgeon General, only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That’s why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you’re supposed to be giving thanks for everything that’s going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway, it’s a perfect time to create a medical family tree.And the Surgeon General is making it easy: if you go to hhs. gov/familyhistory, you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families, which ones you should be most and least worried about, and what to do if, like me, your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait, which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in an easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.The website insists the software is “fun”, but that may be going a bit far. In any case, it’s available only for Windows machines, so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It’s worth it, though, since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.1.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by .2.The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes, but I can’t swear to that.” (Paragraph 3) implies that .3.Family health report is very important because .4.Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that .5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

The novel coronavirus pandemic has _1_ the education of about 300 million students across the world. Over 160 countries have shut down schools nationwide, which _2_ the pandemic poses an unprecedented challenge on the education system, and could change our idea of education from in-person teaching in brick-and-mortar classes on campuses to online classes.The education-related problem was not deferred for very long. In China, in two to three weeks, solutions to those problems, from the local to the national levels, started _3_. With more cities in the United States reporting an increase in confirmed coronavirus cases, the provost of Stanford University _4_ the cancellation of all in-person class meetings, and said classes that required in-person instruction _5_ to the online format. And the University of Washington took the same action._6_, it takes three basic elements to move an entire school or university online: determination, broadband and broadcast. So there is a high possibility that more educational institutions, including universities, will shift to online teaching to _7_ “normal” classes.Could the _8_ shift to online education also _9_ a paradigm shift? Is online education sustainable, at least parallel to normal school teaching? And can it fundamentally change the nature of school teaching? Or will online teaching _10_ with the end of the pandemic? Only an in-depth, long-term research can give us the correct answers

“The [sobering] reality,” Dunstan says, “is that across a 14- or 15-hour waking day, we’re getting 55 to 75 percent sedentary time.”

If doctors estimate a very low probability of a positive outcome for a premature baby in their care, parents often [hold on to] that low probability.

Applicants will be asked to provide information on how they will [disseminate] information to other students at their university or college.

Whether a person can stick to a routine office job or not depends largely on [temperament].

In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of millimeter in diameter. Although they were [entombed] in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.

Too much paperwork and regulations, plus the burden of defensive medicine, are the strongest contributors to this [bleak] outlook.

A test based on seven chemicals found in uterine fluid [outperformed] the leading tool for diagnosing early-stage ovarian cancer—a disease that is usually spotted late and is frequently deadly.

A pathway between the brain and the immune system discovered in mice could explain why prolonged stress can [exacerbate] inflammatory bowel disease.

There are numerous [unsubstantiated] reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.

The doctor [ruled out] the surgery today for the patient’s unexpected complications.

The first dose must be taken at a clinician’s office, where the patient remains for at least 30 minutes in case of potential ________ reactions.

Is there any effect of pregnant women’s body mass index on the mode of ________ and birth weight of infants?

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