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In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors: salt is bad for you regardless of your health. Politicians also got on board. “There is a direct relationship,” US congressman Neal Smith noted, “between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death.”Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. “All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary,” Dr. Dustan insists. “For most of us it probably doesn’t make much difference how much salt we eat.” Dustan’s most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.“An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population,” notes Dr. John H. Laragh. “So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense.”Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable “moderation” in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this sat allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal “low salt” exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr admits that “we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension.” In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress.“It is not your enemy,” says Dr. Laragh. “Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don’t need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up.”1.According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed（）.2.From Dr. Dustan’s study we can infer that（）.3.In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that（）.4.The phrase “vocal... exponent” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to （）.5.What is the main message of this text?（）

More attention was paid to the quality of production in France at the time of Rene Coty. Charles Deschanel was then the financial minister. He stressed that workmanship and quality were more important than quantity for industrial production. It would be necessary to produce quality goods for the international market to complete with those produced in other countries. The French economy needed a larger share of the international market to balance its import and export trade.French industrial and agricultural production was still inadequate to meet the immediate needs of the people, let alone long-ranged developments. Essential imports had stretched the national credit to the breaking point. Rents were tightly controlled, but the extreme inflation affected general population most severely through the cost of food. Food costs took as much as 80 percent of workers’ income. Wages, it is true, had risen and there was full-time and overtime employment. Taken together, these factors enabled the working class to exist but allowed them no sense of security. In this precarious and discouraging situation, workmen were willing to work overseas for higher wages.The government was reluctant to let workers leave the country. It was feared this migration of workers would deplete the labor force. The lack of qualified workers might hinder the improvement in the quality of industrial products produced. Qualified workers produced in foreign countries. Also the quantity of quality goods produced in France would not be able to increase as part of its qualified labor force moved to other countries.1.According to the passage, the French workers were（）.2.Rene Coty and Charles Deschanel were both interested in（）.3.The French government was reluctant to let the workers leave the country because（）.4.Rents in France（）.5.According to the passage, the French government（）.

Failure is probably the most fatiguing experience a person ever has. There is nothing more exhausting than not succeeding, being blocked, not moving ahead. It is an evil circle. Failure breeds fatigue, and fatigue makes it harder to get to work, which adds to the fatigue.We experience this tiredness in two main ways, as start-up fatigue and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task that we are forced to take up. Either because it is too tedious or because it is too difficult, we avoid it. And the longer we postpone it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones, The remedy is obvious, though perhaps not easy to apply: willpower exercise. The moment I find myself turning away from a job, or putting it under a pile of things I have to do, I clear my desk of everything else and attach the objectionable item first. To prevent start-up fatigue, always treat the most difficult job first.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Here we are willing to get started, but we can’t seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear to be insurmountable and however hard we work, we fail again and again. The mounting experience of failure carries with it an ever-increasing burden of mental fatigue. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can, then let the unconscious take over.1.Which of the following can be called an evil circle?（）2.According to the passage, when keeping putting off a task, we can experience（）.3.To overcome start-up fatigue, we need（）.4.The word“insurmountable”in the last paragraph probably means（）.5.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?（）

The center task of an empirical science such as economics is to provide general understanding of events in the real world, and ultimately all of its theories and techniques must be instrumental to that task. That is very different from saying, however, that it must be responsive to the contemporaneous conditions and problems of the society in which it is situated.If the problems of economic life changed frequently and radically, and lacked a large measure of continuity in their essential nature, there could not be a science of economics. An essential element of a science is the cumulative growth of knowledge, and that cumulative character could not arise if each generation of economists faced fundamentally new problems calling for entirely new methods of analysis. The change of problems and methods would also undermine the training of economists; if the young studied under the old, the young could be confident that they were learning things that were rapidly becoming outdated. A science requires for its very existence a set of fundamental and durable problems.In economics the most fundamental of these central problems is the theory of value. The theory of value must explain how the comparative values of different goods and services are established. Until that problem is solved, it is not possible to analyze for scientific purposes what will be produced and in what quantities, how the resources will be employed in producing the menu of outputs, and how the resources will be valued. Without a theory of value the economist can have neither theory of international trade nor possibly a theory of money. This central problem of value does not change in its essential content if one seeks to explain values in agricultural or industrial societies, indeed, if the problem of value were so chameleonlike as to alter its nature whenever the economic or political system altered, each epoch in economic life would require its own theory, and short epoch would get short-lived theories.1.The main idea of the passage is that（）.2.Which is a correct statement of theories and techniques?（）3.If every generation of economists had basically different problems,（）.4.The passage supports which of the following statements about the theory of value?（）5.The word “chameleonlike” in the last sentence is closest in meaning to（）.

Americans are people obsessed with child-rearing. In their books, magazines, talk shows, parent training courses, White House conferences, and chats over the back fence, they endlessly debate the best ways to raise children. Moreover, Americans do more than debate their theories; they translate them into action. They erect playgrounds for the youngster’s pleasure, equip large schools for their education, and train skilled specialists for their welfare. Whole industries in America are devoted to making children happy, healthy and wise.But this interest in childhood is relatively new. In fact, until very recently people considered childhood just a brief, unimportant prelude to adulthood and the real business of living. By and large, they either ignored children, beat them, or fondled them carelessly, much as we would amuse ourselves with a lot of puppies. When they gave serious thought to children at all, people either conceived of them as miniature adults or as peculiar, unformed animals.Down through the ages the experiences of childhood have been as varied as its duration. Actions that would have provoked a beating in one era elicit extra loving care in another. Babies who have been nurtured exclusively by their mothers in one epoch are left with day-care workers in another. In some places children have been trained to straddle unsteady canoes, negotiate treacherous mountain passes, and carry heavy bundles on their heads. In other places they have been taught complicated piano concerti and long multiplication tables.But diverse as it has been, childhood has one common experience at its core and that is the social aspect of nurture. All children need adults to bring them up. Because human young take so long to become independent, we think that civilization may have grown up around the need to feed and protect them. Certainly, from the earliest days of man, adults have made provision for the children in their midst.1.The present day American obsession with child-rearing has（）.2.Children in the past were ill-treated or petted because they were（）.3.How have childhood experiences varied?（）4.According to the author, children（）.5.What is the author’s attitude to developments in the perception of childhood?（）

We are in an aera of information procession（）there are great opportunities for those who can qualify.

Judicious praise is（）the sun is to flowers.

（）regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first.

But for his help, I（）.

National and international（）is indispensable if victory is to be achieved.

To develop light industry in a big way（）to improving the people’s livelihood.

On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to（）the sea waves.

The human voice often sounds （）on the phone.

I can never touch lobster because I’m（）to shellfish.

The dog has （） its affection to its new master in China’s industries.

In the next few years major changes will be （）in China’s industries.

Please（）those old newspapers while you’re cleaning up the room.

We should always keep in mind that（）decisions often lead to bitter regrets.

Our hospital has an affiliation with the medical school of the City University.

After listening to the testimony, the members of the jury delivered their verdict.

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