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Passage ACustom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pure eyes. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind certain stereotypes. John Dewey has said that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of the mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk.

Directions: Nowadays, more and more people are aware of the importance of environmental protection. A considerable number of individuals prefer to live a low-carbon life. Write a composition of at least 200 words on the following topic.“Living a Low-Carbon life”Your composition should be based on the outline below:(1) What is low-carbon life?(2) What are some advantages of low-carbon life?(3) How to live a low-carbon life?

很多情况下人们谈话时，总是争着表现自己，这类交谈对双方鲜有裨益。当人们谈话时，不要花时间思考你接着要说什么，而要设法搞懂他们说的是什么，什么样的经历才使他们说了那些话，你从那些话中能学到什么，你对说那些话的人又能了解到什么等等。长辈们成长的世界和你成长的世界迥然不同，那个世界也许你不大了解。他们和来自我国其他地区及其他国家的人们都有重要的观察事物的方法，他们可以丰富你的生活。

(A)(1) Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life—the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of living for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. (2) I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, at last. I have found.（B）One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their children out of a sense of guilt. (3) Parents who both hold down full-time jobs may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions. Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those things the parents yearned for but didn’t get. Still others are afraid to say no to their children’s endless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if they don’t have the same playthings their friends have.(C) (4) The British are the most voracious newspaper readers in the world. They read newspapers at breakfast: they walk to the bus reading a newspaper: they read newspaper on the bus, as they go to work: and on the way back home, after work, they are engrossed in an evening newspaper. There are many morning papers, both national and provincial. The most famous is The Times. Contrary to what many foreigners believe, this is not a government newspaper. (5) The various newspapers usually have their own views on politics, but they are not organs of the political parties. Bold headlines and a variety of photographs are features of British press. Some newspapers, such as the sober Daily Telegraph and the Times, use photographs sparingly. The more “popular” newspapers, such as the Daily Mail, and the Sun, use pictures extensively.

An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a 1 education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is 2 required by law. It is not simply to 3 everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain 4 it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped 5 nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimistic characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is 6 to be educated. Computer-education advocates 7 this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. 8 on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often 9 the job prospects of graduates over their educational 10.

Most people would probably agree that many individual consumer adverts function on the level of the daydream. By picturing quite unusually happy and glamorous people whose success in either career or sexual terms, or both, is obvious, adverts construct an imaginary world in which the reader is able to make come true those desires which remain unsatisfied in his or her everyday life.An advert for a science fiction magazine is unusually explicit about this. In addition to the primary use value of the magazine, the reader is promised access to a wonderful universe through the product—access to other mysterious and tantalizing worlds and epochs, the realms of the imagination. When studying advertising, it is therefore unreasonable to expect readers to decipher adverts as factual statements about reality. Most adverts are just too meager in informative content and too rich in emotional suggestive detail to be read literally. If people read them literally, they would soon be forced to realize their error when the glamorous promises held out by the adverts didn’t materialize.The average consumer is not surprised that his purchase of the commodity does not redeem the promise of the advertisement, for this is what he is used to in life: the individual’s pursuit of happiness and success is usually in vain. But the fantasy is his to keep; in his dream world he enjoys a “future endlessly deferred”.The Estivalia advert is quite explicit about the fact that advertising shows us not reality, but a fantasy; it does so by openly admitting the daydream but in a way that insists on the existence of a bridge linking daydream to reality—Estivalia, which is “for daydream believers”, those who refuse to give up trying to make the hazy ideal of natural beauty and harmony come true.If adverts function on the daydream level, it clearly becomes inadequate to merely condemn advertising for channeling readers’ attention and desires towards an unrealistic, paradisiacal nowhere land. Advertising certainly does that, but in order for people to find it relevant, the utopia visualized in adverts must be linked to our surrounding reality by a casual connection.1.The people in adverts are in most cases are .2.When the glamorous promises held out by the adverts didn’t materialize, the average consumer is not surprised, because .3.What’s the bridge linking daydream to reality in adverts?4.What is this passage mainly concerned with?

Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words.We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner. “This step has to be fixed before I’ll buy.” The owner says, “It’s been like that for years.” Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No” to a serials of charges like “You’re dumb.” “You’re lazy,” and “You’re dishonest,” may also say “No” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you’re good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “It sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1.“I’m letting off some steam” in paragraph 2 means .2.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if .3.The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means .4.The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done .

Acting is such an over-crowded profession that the only advice that should be given to a young person thinking of going on the stage is “Don’t!” But it is useless to try to discourage someone who feels that he must act, though the chances of his becoming famous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go to a drama school. Usually only students who show promise and talent are accepted, and the course lasts two years. Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a repertory company, usually as an assistant stage manager. This means doing everything that there is to do in the theatre: painting scenery, looking after the furniture, taking care of the costumes, and even acting in very small parts. It is very hard work indeed. The hours are long and the salary is tiny. But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy, waiting for the chances of working with a better company, or perhaps in films or television.Of course, some people have unusual chances which lead to fame and success without this long and dull training. Connie Pratt, for example, was just an ordinary girl working in a bicycle factory. A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop, as he drove past in his big car. He told the driver to stop, and he got out to speak to the girl. He asked her if she would like to go to the film studio to do a test, and at first she thought he was joking. Then she got angry and said she would call the police. It took the producer twenty minutes to tell Connie that he was serious. Then an appointment was made for her to go to the studio the next day. The test was successful. They gave her some necessary lessons and within a few weeks she was playing the leading part opposite one of the most famous actors of the day. Of Course, she was given a more dramatic name, which is now world-famous. But chances like this happen once in a blue moon!1.According to the passage, the main reason why young people should be discouraged from becoming actors is .2.An assistant stage manager’s job is difficult because he has to .3.According to the context, the sentence “But young actors with the stage in their blood are happy” at the end of the first paragraph means .4.The phrase “once in a blue moon” in last line refers to .

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we saw earlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial.Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.1.The phrase “predispose to” (Para. 1, line 2) most probably means .2.According to Bowlby’s analysis, it is quite possible that .3.It is implied but not stated in the second paragraph that .4.The writer concludes that .

Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person “the world today” or “life” or “reality”, he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever.For me, this moment—four years in a moment in history—was the war. The war was and is reality for me, I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. There are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty.Nylon, meal, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn’t very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with “service men”. The war will always be fought very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook.1.Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?2.The author still clearly remembers the war because .3.Which statement best describes the author’s feelings about the war?4.The author thinks that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds because .

The prisoner was（）of his civil liberty for three years.

All the students have to （）to the rules and regulations of the school.

What the correspondent sent us is an （）news report. We can depend on it.

You should （）to one or more weekly magazines such as Time or People.

Many of the inventions that made people（）and have determined the direction of American industry were related to agriculture and food production.

The use of sound is widespread as （）of animal communicate on.

Because of the severe drought, the government has urged people to be（）with water.

（） the car accident, they would have arrived earlier.

Thousands of（）at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.

In spite of the （）economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.

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