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孩子，别哭，孩子，别怕；你虽然离开爸爸妈妈，但是你不会孤独，在你去天堂的路上，我们的心永远陪伴。

水库为国民经济发展和保障人民群众的生命财产安全做出了重要贡献。然而，由于受到人为错误和自然因素的影响，水库溃坝事故时有发生。水库大坝一旦失事，产生的洪水波会对下游造成灾难性的破坏。水库溃坝事故的发生具有周期性，大周期为25年，小周期为12年左右。太阳活动与水库溃坝具有相关关系。水库大坝投入运行的前5年是其整个运行过程的“婴儿期”，发生水库溃坝的概率尤其高。大坝溃坝率，随着大坝运行年份的增加呈“L”字型迅速降低。沿着400 mm年降水量线以北及其附近区域年平均溃坝率明显高于该降水量线以南地区。在经历了长时间干旱后的大量降水会增加水库安全事故的发生率。对于全年气温变化显著的地区加强水库安全管理工作显得尤其重要。

Perspective of Our Mother RiverThe Yellow (or the Yangtze) River is our mother river. The river has been experiencing a great changing due to water resources development and dam construction. Write an article to describe the perspective of our mother river.

From Beijing Olympic GamesChina has successfully held the Beijing Olympic Games. As a Chinese I am very proud of …

Renovating the nation through science and education, the policy is gain in the media spotlight as the government claims the policy as its top priority. Although the country has done much to channel scientific research into practical applications, a big gap still exists in the applications of fundamental sciences and industrial technology. The extent of the gap ranges, from modern information industry to physics and biology. Statistics indicate that the contribution of information technology to economic growth has been over 60 percent, while the recent research results in physics and biology can find only limited economic applications. The dislocation of main scientific research institutes from enterprises has bottlenecked the transmutation of science into productivity. On the other hand, however, the research institutes run by enterprises produce no theories of far-reaching effects. “Science and technology are the primary factors in the productivity”, the credo put forward by Mr. Deng Xiaoping, is evident for technology but not for sciences. For many sciences, research results serving as engine for progress in productivity is still an alien concept. Science is a sector needs a lot of input but little output of economic benefits. Do you agree?

A great earthquake measured at 8.0 Ms according to the China Seismological Bureau occurred at Wenchuan, 80 km northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of 19 km. Seismicity in the region is caused by the northward movement of the Indian Plate at a rate of 5 cm/year and its collision with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the uplift of the Himalaya and the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and associated earthquake activity. The Wenchuan Earthquake occurred as a result of motion of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau at Longmenshan Mountain along the Yingxiu-Qingchuan fault.The earthquake causes many mass movements: rockfalls, avalanches and landslides. Rockfall is the phenomenon of a few huge rocks falling from a cliff or steep slope. An avalanche is the collapse of a cliff and slope under the action of gravity. A landslide is the mass movement of rock and soil down a slope along one or several sliding beds under the action of gravity. Rockfall and avalanches have essentially the same motion mechanism. The landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake created more than 200 quake lakes, 35 of which have been identified as dangerous. Massive amounts of water were pooling up behind these landslide dams, some of which might eventually fail under the action of dam-outburst flood flushing, potentially endangering the lives of thousands of people in the downstream reaches.The essential cause of the landslides is the riverbed incision. As the river cuts into the bed below the sliding surface, the sliding body loses the support of the sediment and rock at the toe of the sliding body and the sliding body slides along the slip surface into the river. If the river bed was not incised to the depth of the slip surface then the landslide would not occur. From the viewpoint of river training and management, some landslides might be prevented if the riverbed incision were controlled.There are two strategies to manage the quake lakes. The first strategy is to preserve the quake lakes. The strategy is applied if a landslide dam consists of a high percentage of large boulders. Once the flow over the landslide dam deposits begins, erosion-resistant boulders overlap and construct a step-pool system, which consume the flow energy and protect the dam from erosion. The second strategy is to remove the quake lakes by 1) removing all boulders in the spillway before a flood arrives; and 2) helping the flowing water to scour the spillway bed, if necessary, by explosion. Thus the water volume stored in the lake is released and thus the pool level is reduced to a minimum and the risk of dam failure flooding is minimized. The strategy is often applied to quake lakes where there is high population density in the downstream reaches.Humans are used to having everything under control in hydro-projects. The landslide dams are naturally formed structures and the spillway develops following natural laws. The compositions, structures and mechanisms of landslide dams are not well understood. Therefore, people are more willing to remove quake lakes.Answer the following questions:1. What is the cause of the Wenchuan Earthquake?2. What are the differences between avalanche and landslide?3. Why some quake lakes are dangerous?4. Under what conditions a quake lake may be preserved?5. How to remove a quake lake?6. What is the essential cause of landslides? Why?7. Why people are willing to remove quake lakes?

The Maori story is more picturesque than scientific explanation. Maori legends tell how the principal lakes were created by the chief Rakaihautu, Captain of Uruao, which he beached at Nelson, he then headed south by an inland route. Rakaihautu used his famous Ko or digging tool to dig out the biggest of the South Island lakes. Water itself is abrasive and wears down the land. Above Lake Dunstan, distinct terraces mark ancient levels of the Clutha River.When people came to these shores the stories evolved in new ways. We don’t know how the early Maori arrivals reacted to the profusion of rivers they found, nor how they coped with their propensity to change with little warning. But rivers, lakes and wetlands served as a larder for the earliest settlers. Freshwater fish added variety to their diet. Numerous native species existed, although some later became extinct because of competition from introduced species. Eels in particular are an important part of Maori lore. Different kinds of eel traps existed, each with a specific name, some of which are still in use today. The long-finned eel is New Zealand’s biggest fish and it is estimated it has been in our rivers for at least 80 million years. In autumn, adult eels set out on an incredible journey. Starting from their home stream, they arrive at the sea and swim 6500 km north into the Pacific Ocean to breed. The tiny larvae return to New Zealand, swept along on ocean currents. Near the coast they develop into tiny transparent “glass” eels about 60 mm long and head for estuaries. In late autumn they set our upstream, often negotiating waterfalls and rapids, to return to the rivers of their ancestors.Rivers were also an important means of voyaging for Maori. With no wheeled vehicles, no industries and more interest in establishing their dominion over other tribes than over the land, Maori lived largely within the confines of nature as they found it, though they resorted to rampant burning in their eternal search for food.

As one of the most ecologically sensitive region on the earth, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a unique and vulnerable environment, which is readily affected by global climate change and socio-economic activity. The terrestrial ecosystem of the region is complex. There are 2,308 species of herbaceous plants. Grassland vegetation fixes a large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, and the frozen earth has the potential to give off greenhouse gas as a result of its sensitivity to heat. In the past decades the grassland has experienced widespread degradation due to overgrazing, soil erosion, increasing rat population, and climate change. There are numerous national red list mammal species and many bird species in the region. The degradation of meadows threatens these species.Permafrost in the region is now clearly undergoing a warming trend. The average annual air temperature has risen by 0.4℃ since the 1970s, and the average soil temperature has risen by 0.5℃. The thickness of permafrost has been reduced by 5 m. Global warming may result in a series of cascading effects on terrestrial ecosystem processes in the permafrost region. These responses are critical to cold region ecosystems. Increasing evaporation has caused shrinkage of swampland and lakes.Resources development in the region also impacts upon the ecology. Overgrazing, harvest of herbaceous medicine, mineral exploitation and water diversion impair the terrestrial and aquatic ecology. The strategic government project that aims to solve water shortage problems in the Yellow River basin will divert water from the Tongtian, Yalong, and Dadu Rivers into the upper Yellow River. Integrated management is essential for sustainable development of the Plateau to reconcile ecological protection with sustainable use of land and water resources.

Directions: Write an article on “Which is a better source of news—Newspaper or TV?” write an article lo clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument with examples. You should write no less than 200 words. Write your article on the Answer Sheet.

The spontaneous emergence of social cooperation—the emergence of a system vastly more complex, responsive and efficient than any government could organize—is not universally acknowledged or appreciated. It discomforts a certain political sensibility, the one that exaggerates the importance of government and the competence of the political class. Government is important in establishing the legal framework for markets to function. The most competent political class allows markets to work wonders that government cannot replicate. Hayek, a 1974 Nobel laureate in economics, said, “The curious task of economics is to demonstrate to men how little they really know about what they imagine they can design.” People, and especially political people, are rarely grateful to be taught their limits. That is why economics is called the dismal science.

The cost of plant and equipment includes all expenditures reasonable and necessary in acquiring the asset and placing it in a position and condition for use in the operations of the business. Only reasonable and necessary expenditures should be 1. For example, if the company’s truck driver receives a traffic ticket while hauling a new machine to the plant, the traffic 2 is not part of the cost of the new machine. If the machine is dropped and 3 while being unloaded, the cost of repairing the damage should be 4 as expense in the current period and should not be added 5 the cost of the machine.Cost is most easily determined 6 an asset is purchased for cash. The cost of the asset is then 7 to the cash outlay necessary in acquiring the asset 8 any expenditures for freight, insurance while in transit, installation, trial runs, and any other 9 necessary to make the asset ready for use. If plant assets are 10 on the installment plan or by issuance of notes payable, the interest element or carrying charge should be 11 as interest expense and not as part of the cost of the plant assets.Why should all the incidental charges 12 to the acquisition of a machine 13 included in its cost? Why 14 treat these incidental charges as expenses of the period in which the machine is acquired?The answer is to be found in the basic accounting 15 of matching costs and revenue. The benefits of 16 the machine will be received over a span of years, 10 years, for example. During those 10 years the 17 of the machine will contribute to revenue. 18, the total costs of the machine should be recorded in the accounts as a(n) 19 and allocated against the revenue of the 10 years. All costs incurred in acquiring the machine are costs of the services to be 20 from using the machine.

Most Americans would agree one of the United States’ most pressing social problems is the breakdown of the two-parent family. Today, millions of American children grow up without fathers, often in poverty. Too often, these children lack the love and guidance they desperately need—and which they would ordinarily receive from two responsible parents. Traditionally, American parents have placed the needs of their children above their own, often delaying their own gratification or sacrificing material comforts in the interests of their children’s future. At present, however, nearly one half of all new marriages end in divorce, with often troubling consequences for the children involved. Worse, every year, thousands of teenage, unmarried Americans become mother outside the context of wed lock altogether, with generally disastrous results for the mothers and children alike and for American society more generally. In refreshing contrast, Chinese continue to value intact marriages. This is not to say that Chinese marriages are all perfect—they certainly are not, judging from increasing rates of divorce and extramarital affairs—but the willingness of Chinese to set aside their own needs and stay together for the sake of the children is admirable and worthy of study.Families, in whatever form they may take, are important to Americans. If one were to ask a group of Americans what is dearest to them, the overwhelming majority would say “family”. And yet, so many Americans spend much more time at work—that is, beyond the formal forty-hour work-week—than they do with their own families. Obviously, the American economy is one of the most vibrant and powerful in the world, owing in large measure to a strong work ethic and high efficiency become “workaholism”. It seems to me that Chinese generally find a better balance between work and family needs than many Americans do. I don’t see the number of workaholics in China that I do in the United States (or American organizations in China). Instead, average Chinese tend to head home right after work (in the office or field), have meals together, and spend time with their spouses and children. In addition, Chinese tend make more time for grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins than many Americans; in many cases, multigenerational families live together. Of course, like many facets of Chinese society, this is all changing; increasing numbers of “New Chinese” are working longer hours and spending less time with their families than ever before. Still, while Americans do genuinely value their loved ones, I think we have something to learn from the Chinese about finding the proper balance between work and family.1. What is the main point of the passage?2. What is the traditional American family value according to the passage?3. We may learn from the passage that .4. In the passage, the author thinks that .

If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue without intellectual or emotional faculties.)Contraction of front and side parts—as cells die off—was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and-seventy-year olds.Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age-using the head.The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.Matsuzawa’s findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. “The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain,” he says, “think hard and engage in conversation. Don’t rely on pocket calculators.”1. What does the team of Japanese doctors find out?2. The doctor’s tests show that ____.3. What does Matsuzawa’s findings show can prevent the brain from shrinking?4. According to the passage, which people seem to age slower than the others?

Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola—are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: find your brand in a blind tasting.We invited staff volunteers who have a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi, Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse—only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly.While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.1. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to .2. What kind of person is invited to the test?3. All the words below are synonyms of the word “accomplish” except .4. Taste burnout was not a factor influencing the participants’ choices because .

This is an age full of doubts, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers strongly believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs. This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some real remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits, etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them.Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of medicine, especially if it be wrapped in white paper and sealed with red sealing-wax by a clever chemist. It is said of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry Taylor, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for the disease of Mrs. Carlyle. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor’s house. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors—to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves.1. According to the passage, most patients are satisfied with the treatment when .2. The third paragraphs aimed to tell us that .3. According the passage, which statement is NOT TRUE?4. The author is people’s faith in medicine.

The relationship between the home and market economics has gone through two distinct stages. Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e.g. cloth-making, sewing and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the home economy could still produce these goods, the processes were laborious and the market economy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident—the marketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the home economy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e.g. electricity and electrical appliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional ways of taking care of these needs in the home, such as in nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable (and, in most serious cases, probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed the radio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on the marketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter the marketplace as wage earners and consumers. The neoclassical model that views the family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in the marketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second (and current) stage.1. Why does marketplace take over many production processes?2. It can be seen from the passage that in the second stage .3. The reason why economic growth didn’t make the home economy flexible to obtain the new goods is that .4. The neoclassical model is a model of the first stage because .

The farm ministers scheduled an emergency meeting in Luxembourg in hopes of easing the worldwide “mad cow” panic.

Less successful artists are often obliged to turn to stonecutting, sign painting and other artisan’s task to earn a living.

The arbitrary decisions of the factory owners caused anger among the workers.

Three newspaper reporters collaborated in writing this series of articles.

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