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Directions: Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons or examples to support your views. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.The issue to be discussed is “Positive Energy”, which refers to encouragement and confidence in pursuing a better life and future. Please write down your opinion on it and your own experiences which show “Positive Energy”.In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.Word limit: no less than 200 words.

改革开放是国家发展进步的根本动力。我国改革已进入攻坚阶段，必须进一步解放思想，全面推进经济、政治、文化、社会等领域的改革，不断把改革引向深入。要进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制。毫不动摇地巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展，形成各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护的体制环境。深化国有企业改革以及重点行业改革。

On campus, you will quickly discover that an important part of the culture is a willingness to stay engaged with problems and arguments, to keep pushing for a shared vocabulary and a shared understanding. You will encounter a post-Enlightenment sensibility, under which more and more corners of human experience are susceptible to critical analysis and debate. Fewer and fewer domains of life feel like matters of purely personal taste—chocolate or vanilla—things that are truly “just, like, your opinion.” And you will find yourself spending many hours, late at night and early in the morning, searching for that shared understanding. And here you will discover one of the university’s great strengths as a community. It doesn’t take much work to search for a shared understanding with someone who is pretty much like you. But it takes real effort to search for a shared understanding with someone who is different. The most profound optimism underlying higher education today is the simultaneous recognition that, on the one band, differences of view, background, and perspective are real and important, and, on the other hand, people who hold those differences can come together for four years on a beautiful hilltop, listen to one another with tolerance and respect, and engage.

Directions: Below is a passage about climate change. Read the passage then fill in each gap with ONE word from the box below the passage. Write your answers in the spaces on the ANSWER SHEET. The first one has been done as an example. Volcanoes May Be Slowing Down Climate ChangeThe planet hasn’t been warming as much as climate models predicted and it could be that sulfur emissions from volcanoes are blocking sunlight, cooling the Earth. Small volcanic eruptions might be part of the reason why the pace of global warming hasn’t kept up with previous 66 a new study published in Nature. Eruptions of at least 17 volcanoes since 2000, including Kasatochi in Alaska and Merapi in Indonesia, seem to have had a cooling influence on the temperature of the Earth’s surface and _ 67 atmosphere. In the past, researchers observed increases in levels of greenhouse gases and in global warning, but for the past 15 years the Earth’s surface temperatures have shown 68 little warming. This so-called ‘hiatus’ puzzled researchers around the globe have been working to understand this phenomenon. “The hiatus is a fascinating detective story,’’ says the lead author of the study. “What we show is that even without any computer model calculations there is a clear 69 of these early volcanic activity having effects on temperatures and on the reflected sunlight of the atmosphere,” says the lead of the study. Research shows that large volcanic eruptions inject sulfur dioxide gas into the stratosphere. The gas forms tiny droplets of sulfuric acid, also known as “volcanic aerosols,” that can block sunlight. That cooling effect has been largely 70 by climate scientists until now, but it seems to partly offset the warning from human-caused changes in greenhouse gases.

Invasive species aren’t species—they can also be pathogens. Such is the case with the West Nile virus. An inosquito-bome virus identified in the West Nile subregion in Uganda in 1937—hence the name —West Nile wasn’t much of a concern to people elsewhere until it broke out of Africa in 1999. The first U.S cases were confirmed in New York City in 1999, and it has now spread throughout much of the world. Though 80% of infections are subclinical, those who do get sick can get very sick. The virus can led to encephalitis—inflammation of the brain and nervous system—and even death, with 286 people dying from West Nile in the U.S in 2012. There were more than 5,500 cases reported that year, and the scary thing is that as the climate warms. West Nile will continue to spread.That’s the conclusion of a new study from a team of researchers in the U.S, Britain and Germany, including those at the Center for Tropical Research at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability. In a study published in the journal Global Change Biology, the researchers took climate and species distribution data, and created models that try to project the spread of the virus as the globe warms. West Nile virus is carried by mosquitoes, and infected insects transmit the virus to human beings with a bite. But birds play a role too—if bitten by an infected mosquito, birds can generate high levels of the virus in their bloodstream, and can then transmit it to uninfected mosquitoes, which in turn can infect people. The biggest indicator of whether West Nile virus will occur is the maximum temperature of the wannest month of the year, which is why the virus has caused the most damage in hot southern states like Texas.The UCLA model looks only at climate data, and doesn’t take into account the kind of control methods that can be used to combat West Nile on the ground, including pesticide spraying and land-use changes that deny mosquitoes the pools of stagnant water they use as breeding sites. That’s important to remember while climate change can raise the risk of typically tropical diseases like West Nile or malaria, smart control efforts can offset at least some of that danger. But the UCLA study underscores the fact that climate change operated as a threat multiplier for tropical diseases, one that will allow pathogens to invade new territory—and ultimately, us.61. What is the meaning of the underlined part of the sentence in the first paragraph?62. The living conditions of bees’ will be improved with respect to the following aspects except .63. According to the passage, the critical factor for the virus being spread is .64. According to the passage, the research of UCLA imposes emphasis on .65. The title of the passage would probably be “”.

Here’s a scenario you might recognize if you’re a woman dating a social media butterfly: You’re sitting on the couch together silently watching TV. When you take a moment to peek at your Twitter feed, you see your significant other has been sharing a stream of personal thoughts about House of Cards with the Twitterverse—even though he hasn’t uttered a word to you.It’s no surprise that man tend to be more tight-lipped than women about their thoughts and feelings, but social media is creating a haven for some men to express themselves online in ways they don’t in person—and never would have before. From a relationship perspective, that can be a good and bad thing. Women can now turn to social media to get more insight into what their partners think, but where’s the intimacy in that when those feelings are also being broadcast to hundreds of Facebook friends and thousands of Twitter followers.Recent data from Pew Research Center suggests that social media is making its way into relationship more than ever, with 74% of couples surveyed saying the Internet has impacted their relationship in a good way. Women are more likely than men to use social media, with 71% of women participating compared with 62% of men, according to the latest report from Women’s Media Center. However, what psychologists and researchers find especially interesting is that, while women are equally willing to share the thoughts they spew out into the digital ether with someone face to face, men are much less likely to do the same.Eva Buechel, a PhD candidate at the University of Miami who has studied why people share content online, has found that men and women who experience social anxiety, and therefore have a greater need to express their negative emotions and seek support, are equally likely to maintain a blog or social media account. However, “while socially apprehensive females share equally across”.Other research from Northwestern University shows that men are increasingly more likely to share their creative work, like writing, music, or art, online. Nearly two-thirds of men in a 2008 study said they post their work online, compared with only half of the women who reported posting.56. From the words used, it can be known that the tone of the first paragraph .57. Why does a man prefer to express on line rather than in person according to the passage?58. According to the passage, which of the following about women is NOT true?59. According to the passage, men and women remain their social media account for the following reason except .60. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about men’s using social media?

The good news is that creativity training that aligns with the new science works surprisingly well. The University of Oklahoma, the University of Georgia, and Taiwan’s National Chengchi University each independently conducted a large-scale analysis of such programs. All three teams of scholars concluded that creativity training can have a strong effect. “Creativity can be taught.” says James C. Kaufman, professor at California State University, San Bernardino.What’s common about successful programs is they alternate maximum divergent thinking with bouts of intense convergent thinking, through several stages. Real improvement doesn’t happen in a weekend workshop. But when applied to the everyday process of work or school, brain function improves.So what does this mean for America’s standards-obsessed schools? The key is in how kids work through the vast catalog of information. Consider the National Inventors Hall of Fame School, a new public middle school in Akron, Ohio. Mindful of Ohio’s curriculum requirements, the school’s teachers came up with a project for the fifth graders: figure out how to reduce the noise in the library. Its windows faced a public space and, even when closed, let through too much noise. The students had four weeks to design proposals.Working in small teams, the fifth graders first engaged in what creativity theorist Donald Treffinger describes as fact-finding. How does sound travel through materials? What materials reduce noise the most? Then, problem finding—anticipating all potential pitfalls so their designs are more likely to work. Next, idea-finding generate as many ideas as possible. Drapes, plants, or large kites hung from the ceiling would all baffle sound. Or, instead of reducing the sound, maybe mask it by playing the sound of gentle waterfall? A proposal for double-paned glass evolved into an idea to fill the space between panes with water. Next, solution-finding: which ideas were the most effective, cheapest, and aesthetically pleasing? Fiberglass absorbed sound the best but wouldn’t be safe. Would an aquarium with fish be easier than water-filled panes?Then teams developed a plan of action. They built scale models and chose fabric samples. They realized they’d need to persuade a janitor to care for the plants and fish during vacation. Teams persuaded others to support them—sometimes so well, teams decided to combine projects. Finally, they presented designs to teachers, parents, and Jim West, inventor of the electric microphone.51. The good news about the three teams’ conclusion is that .52. According to the passage the improvement of divergent and convergent thinking take place .53. The subjects of the project in an America’s standards-obsessed school are .54. According to the author, the teams in the school project have gone through the following steps except .55. What was indicated from the tact that the teams presented designs to Jim West, inventor of the electric microphone?

We live in an increasingly deodorized world. In recent years, laws have been passed prohibiting “offensive” body odor in public spaces such as libraries, as well as policies that ban the wearing of scented products or perfumes to work. Some office employees are not even allowed to bring “smelly” food to work.A sudden spate of scented technologies promises to reverse the trend by simulating scents for consumers. Although scented technologies have been derided as gimmicks, failing in both the smell and technology categories, they’re proof that something is literally in the air and it might even smell like roses emanating from a wristwatch to tell you that it’s 3 o’clock.More sophisticated and ambitious is the oPhone (“o” for “olfactory”). Developed by Harvard engineering professor David Edwards, along with his students Rachel Field and Amy Yin and a handful of designers and artists at Le Laboratoire think tank in Paris, the oPhone, in its realized state, will allow users to send the scent equivalent of sentences and paragraphs, thanks to oChips that can produce hundreds and eventually, thousands of odor signals. The sequencing could create a new language of the nose. The oPhone will be commercially available in the future.Scented technologies have their detractors. Anti-tech folks see these technologies as part of an ongoing effort to alienate us from enjoying an unmediated relation to reality. (Stop and smell the roses on a rosebush, they would say, not the simulated, rose-scent puffing from your phone.) And then there are the tech purists who seem to measure the devices only in terms of their conventional utility. Describing an early scented technology that lost funding the 2001 Digiscents’ iSmell, which was supposed to connect to your PC’s USB port to provide an olfactory dimension to the Internet experience, a writer for Complex.com named it one of the 50 worst fails in tech history, claiming, “We can’t see why anyone would need one of these fatal flaws: Ridiculous concept.”But perhaps rather than seeing attempts adding scent to technology as a sign of our separation from reality, or complaining that they don’t fulfill an urgent need, we should see these efforts as a rapprochement between technology and smell, and a triumph for our olfactory sense that some would repress. Free your nose and your mind will follow.46. Which of the following has got legislative attention according to the passage?47. According to the passage, scented technology .48. According to the passage, the novelty of oPhone is that .49. According to the passage, some opposed to the scented technologies for they think __.50. According to the passage, what would be the attitude of the writer to scented technologies?

Airbnb announced that it’s going after the major hotel chains—which at first sounded kind of cute, like a precocious Little League pitcher saying he’s going to strike out Miguel Cabrera.But when CEO Brian Chesky laid out his thinking for me while sitting on a barrel in Airbnb’s new, funky headquarters in San Francisco, I thought the investors who have pumped $326 million into the company might not be too dim. Airbnb is becoming much more than a way to spend $26 a night to sleep in London with five other people at The Imperial Fleapit.In fact, Airbnb is looking like a proof point of a trend that has been getting a lot of attention lately. Come refer to it as the DIY for do it yourself-movement. Venture capitalist Hemant Taneja, looking at it form a different angle, calls it “unsealing.” Chesky uses the term “decentralized production.” Marc Andreessen hit on the concept in a manifesto entitled “Why Software Is Eating the World.”It all points to the same idea: Information technology is eroding the power of large-scale mass production. We’re instead moving toward a world of massive numbers of small-producers offering unique stuff—and of consumers who reject mass-produced stuff. The Internet, software, 3D printing, social networks, cloud computing and other technologies are making this economically feasible—in fact desirable.The hotel industry and the way Airbnb thinks about it—is an example of how that is playing out. There is a fundamental truth about big hotel chains that is only now being exposed in the Internet age: Hotel chains grew out of a lack of information.In the middle of last century cars and highways made the world far more mobile. Many more people traveled to towns they didn’t know and they needed places to sleep. They had no way to know which hotel or boarding house might be nice or offer amenities they wanted. Travel guides, like Mobil’s popped up in the 1950s, but for the most part information remained scarce.Still, the underlying story of Airbnb, information and the major hotels will get replayed in lots of industries in the next few years: Mass production and sameness mean safety when information, intimacy and trust don’t exist. As information delivered globally and cheaply over the Internet, brings back intimacy and trust, the advantage of uniformity at scale slips away. 41. According to the passage, Airbnb is a hotel that might be .42. According to the passage, the future of mass production will be .43. According to the passage, hotel chains were .44. According to the passage, the advantage of uniformity at scale .45. Which of the following might be the title of the passage?

There are many reasons why the majority of silent films have been lost: the deterioration of highly volatile nitrate stock, fire, negligence, the destruction of prints and negatives. 21 silent films, though, still 22. Mary Pickford’s 1911 short “Their First Misunderstanding” was recently found 23 an old bam and 24 by the Library of Congress. And it was 25 in 2010 that 75 American silent films 26 discovered at the New Zealand Film Archive, including John Ford’s lost 1927 “Upstream”, and repatriated to the major archives—the Library of Congress, the Academy Film Archive, UCLA Film and Television Archive, the George Eastman House and the Museum of Modern Art.In fact the survey points out that 27 the 3,311 films that survive in 28 form, 886 were discovered in other countries—24% of them have been repatriated—with the Czech Republic29the largest collection of silent American films outside of the United States.The study was written by historian-archivist David Pierce, 30 also has created an inventory database of information 31 commercial and private holdings that, according to the study, 32 in repatriation of lost American films. The survey is one of several congressionally mandated studies of America’s film and 33 sound heritage.“Unfortunately, there is 34 that’s already been lost,” said Steve Leggett, program coordinator 35 the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress. “But this 36 identifies some that are around. You 37 just don’t know sometimes 38 you get over to these international archives—there may be other stuff unidentified because it’s 39___ a different language or they put American films aside because they focus on their own countries’ output. So hopefully, there are some more gems.” The study, he said give a “snapshot of what the current situation is—just to get a list of what titles we think survive and where they are. We are not going to be able to 40 to get all of them, but to prioritize some of the titles you might want to get.

A petitioner brought a bill in equity before the court.

The prosecution for a trademark shall be conducted by some trademark attorneys.

The class action has been filed with a court after the community’s conference.

It’s hard to memorize through brute force the groceries we need to buy.

Once our attention has been ensnared, we still need to be sufficiently intrigued to read the story.

A headline that is graphically salient in some way has a greater chance of capturing our eye.

The venerable media format has become one of the most ubiquitous ways to package content on the Web.

That is indeed a harsh standard, and not the one I want to govern my life or those of other people.

Numerous studies show that the benefits of learning another language include greater mental flexibility, creativity, divergent thinking and higher-order thinking skills.

The remaining three quarters of the population will incur medical bills that are less than what they pay for health insurance.

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