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Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic given below with no less than 150 words. You should write it on the ANSWER SHEET. Knowledge from books and knowledge from experienceYour composition should be based on the following outline:1. Compare and contrast knowledge gained from books with knowledge gained from experience.2. Which source do you think is more important? Give at least two reasons.

小班上课要求学生参与讨论，因此他们不再被动听课。在与老师和同学进行学术交流时，他们的能力大幅度提高。这种交流有助于教师在考试前了解学生掌握了哪些知识，因此能提高自己的教学质量。这样的课程需要教师们精力充沛、富有想象、认真思考，所有这一切可能令人身心疲惫，但却能促使学生对自己的学业负责。

Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.

What is a lifestyle and how is that different from a life? A lifestyle is about brand（1）and buying identity or fame. Lifestyle gives a（2）of peace and acceptability that comes from others recognizing what you’ve bought. If your car and clothes are expensive, then you receive the superficial（3）of others. A life,（4）is very different. A life is what you lead when you know what（5）most to you. Your self-esteem comes from what’s inside you. It comes from being connected to what you know is important, and being（6）to put that first no matter what others may think.How many times have you seen someone work（7）hours in a job that they do not enjoy just to be able to （8）an expensive lifestyle? There was a recent commercial on TV that showed a man laughing in his yard saying: “I drive an expensive car, have a 5 bedroom home, a country club membership, a swimming pool and I’m in debt（9）my eyeballs！”Lifestyle is expensive because it（10）a great deal to do what you think is socially（11）. A life is not expensive. Rather than（12）personal or financial resources, a life generates（13）and power. This is not an issue of（14）luxury for its own sake; it’s about liberating yourself from the（15）consumption that society dictates. It is about making the choices that are （16）your values.How can you make the change? Understand the（17）between a Life (being directed from within) and a Lifestyle (being directed from outside). Analyze your current lifestyle to see（18）is costing you in money, time and energy to keep it. Let go and（19）what is really important to you, what（20）you and brings you joy. Remember who you are from within, not what you own!

As a motivational speaker, Caroline Miller knows a few things about using mental exercises to achieve goals. But last year, one exercise she was asked to try took her by surprise. Every night, she was to think of three good things that happened that day and analyze why they occurred. That was supposed to increase her overall happiness. “I thought it was too simple to be effective”, said Miller. “I went to Harvard. I’m used to things being complicated.” But, the quality of her dreams did change and she did feel happier.That exercise is one of several that have shown preliminary promise in recent research into how people can make themselves happier—not just for a day or two, but long-term. It’s part of a larger body of work that challenges a long-standing skepticism about whether that’s even possible.For decades, a widely accepted view has been that people are suck with a basic setting on their happiness thermostat. It says the effects of good or bad life events like marriage, a raise, divorce, or disability will simply fade with time. We adapt to them just like we stop noticing bad odor from behind the living room couch after a while.But recent long-term studies have revealed that the happiness thermostat is more malleable than the popular theory maintained. “Set-point is not destiny,” says psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois.The think-of-three-good-things exercise that Miller found so simplistic at first is among those being tested by Martin Seligman at the University of Pennsylvania. People keep doing it on their own because it’s immediately rewarding. It makes people focus more on good things, which might otherwise be forgotten, because of daily disappointments.Sonja Lyubomirsky, a psychologist at the University of California, meanwhile, is testing some other simple strategies. “This is not rocket science,” she said. For example, participants were asked to regularly practice random acts of kindness, things like holding a door open for a stranger, for 10 weeks. Participants who performed a variety of acts, rather than repeating the same ones, showed an increase in happiness even a month after the experiment was concluded. Those who kept on doing the acts on their own did better than those who didn’t.But she also said any long-term effect will probably depend on people continuing to work at it. “Happiness is the process not the place. So many of us think that when we get everything just right, we will be happy… But once we get everything in place, we still need new goals and activities. The Princess could not just stop when she got the Prince.”1.For Miller, the think-of-three-good-things exercise（）.2.According to the widely accepted view about happiness,（）.3.Results from separate tests by Martin Seligman and Sonja Lyubomirsky both show that（）.4.“The Princess could not just stop when she got the Prince.” suggests that（）.5.The passage is mainly written to（）.

Cardinal MEZZOFANTI of Bologna was a secular saint who was said to speak 72 languages. Or 50. No one was certain of the true figure, but it was a lot. Visitors flocked from all comers of Europe to test him and came away stunned. Two condemned prisoners were due to be executed, but no one knew their language to hear their confession. Mezzofanti learned it in a night, heard their sins the next morning and saved them from hell.Or so the legend goes. In “Babel No More”, Michael Erard has written the first serious book about the people who master vast numbers of languages—or claim to. A journalist with some linguistics training, Mr. Erard is not a hyperpolyglot himself (he speaks some Spanish and Chinese), but he approaches his topic with both wonder and a healthy dash of scepticism.To find out whether anyone could really learn so many languages, Mr. Erard set out to find Modern Mezzofantis. The people he meets are certainly interesting. One man with a mental age of nine has a vast memory for foreign words and the use of grammatical endings, but he cannot seem to break free of English word order. Ken Hals, who was a linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and died in 2001, was said to have learned 50 languages. Professional linguists sill swear by his talent. But he insisted he spoke only three (English, Spanish and Warlpiri—from Australia’s Northern Territory) and could merely “talk” in others. Mr. Erard says that true hyperpolyglottery begins at about 11 languages, and that while legends abound, tried and tested exemplars are few.At the end of his story, however, Erard finds a surprise in Mezzofanti’s archive: flashcards. Stacks of them, in Georgian, Hungarian, Arabic, Algonquin and nine other tongues. The world’s most celebrated hyperpolyglot relied on the same tools given to first-year language learners today. The conclusion? Hyperpolyglots may begin with talent but they aren’t geniuses. They simply enjoy tasks that are drudgery to normal people. The talent and enjoyment drive a virtuous cycle that pushes them to feats others simply shake their heads at.1.The word “hyperpolyglot” (para. 2) refers to the one who（）.2.By “a healthy dash of skepticism”, the author demonstrates Mr. Erard’s（）.3.Mr. Erard’s efforts to find the Modern Mezzofantis（）.4.What is the emphasis in the last paragraph?5.The passage is most likely a part of（）.

A new website from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert”. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables.Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website. Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned. This is because in America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers’ markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. Together, they account for more than half of the country’s trillion-dollar retail food market.A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.1.According to the USDA, food deserts（）.2.Healthy Food Financing Initiative is intended to（）.3.The author seems to think that the drop from 23.5 million to 13.5 million（）.4.The scholars in paragraph 3 believe that the USDA definition of a food desert is（）.5.Renton is mentioned in the passage to（）.

Some of the world’s most important museums are confirming what we’ve suspected all along but didn’t dare say: selfie sticks (自拍杆) are stupid.The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) has banned the sticks from their exhibition halls to prevent damage to the artwork. If you’ve ever set foot in MoMA you’ll know what a difficult experience it can be. Not because it isn’t an exceptional art institution that’s given the mind-expanding exhibitions, but because of other people. The MoMA is one of the world’s busiest museums—add selfie sticks among the crowds and you’ve got a recipe for disaster.The same situation can be found at many famous tourist landmarks. Like seat belts, the selfie stick problem doesn’t hit home until someone gets hurt. An increasing number of sites have seen the potential hazard and put a stop to things before a “tragedy” occurs. The Australian Open has banned selfie sticks. Sports and music stadiums around London have banned the stick, as well.Yet the real issue behind the selfie stick is the selfie itself. It’s somehow become socially acceptable for us to take the narcissism (自恋) of adolescence and extend it through adulthood, manifested in selfies. I admit that I do enjoy the occasional guilty pleasure of a selfie, so I can’t and won’t be a hypocrite about it.When it comes to traveling, though, when it comes to once-in-a-lifetime visits to sacred landmarks and world-class museums, I’d hope that we could all turn the lens away from ourselves.Or simply put the camera away. Travel writer Paul Theroux once told his readers: “I never bring a camera—because taking pictures, I’ve found, makes me less observant and interferes with my memory.” How much do we rely on photo graphs to remember our vacations? Does it really matter that we have a permanent documentation of every moment of our travels?What if we entirely let go of documenting and just simply experience? I tried it for a day. It is what I imagine skydiving would be like: terrifying at first, then exciting and finally, when I got my mind to stop subconsciously framing every street scene, I became more present than I’ve ever been on a trip.1.What do we learn about MoMA?2.As mentioned in the passage, selfie sticks have been banned in the following events EXCEPT （）.3.According to Paragraph 4, the author considers selfies as（）.4.Travel writer Paul Theroux is quoted to（）.5.In “I became more present than I’ve ever been on a trip” (last paragraph), the author’ feeling can be summarized as（）.

Many countries have made it illegal to talk into a hand-held mobile phone while driving. But the latest research provides further confirmation that the danger lies less in what a motorist’s hands do when he takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain. Even using a “hands-free” device can impair a driver’s attention to an alarming extent.Melina Kunar of the University of Warwick and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in difficulty to driving. One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a conversation about their hobbies using a speakerphone. As Dr. Kunar and Dr. Horowitz report in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, those who were making the equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those who were not. That, they calculate, would add 5.7 meters to the braking distance of a car traveling at 100kph. They found that the group using the hands-free kit made 83 percent more errors in their tasks than those who were not talking.Dr. Kunar and Dr. Horowitz also explored the effect of simply listening to something—such as a radio programme. For this they played a recording of the first chapter of Bram Stoker’s “Dracula.” Even though the test subjects were told to pay attention because they would be asked questions about the story afterwards, it had little effect on their reaction time. The research led by Frank Drews of the University of Utah suggests the same thing is true of the idle chatter of a passenger. Dr. Kunar reckons that having to think about responses during a phone conversation competes for the brain’s resources in a way that listening to a monologue does not.Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though they can be seen from outside the car. Stopping people making hands-free calls would probably be impossible—especially because more and more vehicles are now being fitted with the necessary equipment as standard. Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer. Who knows, they might even come to enjoy not having to take calls. And they’ll be more likely to arrive in one piece.1.In Kunar and Horowitz’s experiments, the subjects who performed tasks while talking（）.2.According to Frank Drews, listening to a passenger talking（）.3.According to the last paragraph, the law forbidding the use of hand-held phones when driving （）.4.The best hope of stopping people from using hands-free phones lies with（）.5.The purpose of the passage is to（）.

With a wide variety of fresh fruit（）available, canned fruit is no longer so popular as before.

Do your children worry that they might feel pressure to（）your hero’s image?

One of the chief functions of slang words is to consolidate one’s（）with a group.

The new aircraft will be（）to a test of temperatures of -65℃ and 120℃.

Many children often（）why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.

If you miss the cultural references（）a word, you’re very likely to miss its meaning.

The dean asked the secretary if there were enough people（）to hold a faculty meeting.

A person must satisfy his physiological needs, such as food, clothing and shelter, before（）any other objective.

The ability to focus attention on important things is a（）characteristic of intelligence.

In English learning, a（）circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.

Men and women of all ages can benefit from（）amounts of daily physical exercise.

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