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But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today’s imagining.

The moment I find myself turning away from a job, or putting it under a pile of things I have to do, I clear my desk of everything else and attack the objectionable item first.

The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment come from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it.

Directions: For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure or Longevity?” You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（15%）（Just for your reference）People are almost phobic（恐惧症）about having fun increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation（刺激）. In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol（胆固醇）—can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）? Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.

Directions: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. （5%）Who is Confucius（孔子）？

Directions: For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled ''Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure or Longevity?" You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. （15%）（Just for your reference）People are almost phobic（恐惧症）about having fun. increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation（刺激）. In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol（胆固醇）---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity （长寿）? Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.

The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons（信号站）of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators（commentator: person who comments） could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. Today the media investigate less and preach more…

1.Money-laundering（洗钱）has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.2.We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating could not understand how the jury was able to acquit（宣布无罪）the policemen involved.3.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.4.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.5.A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.

Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles may eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea. 1.（）.You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntary—it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 2.（）.The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are （i） you yourself, （ii） your insurance company, and （iii） anybody else—for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third-party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other.3.（）.Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card （kept by your employer unless you are self-employed） onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large and small. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members—all of them underwriters—and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament. 4. （）. You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive—like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example—your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd's will probably insure you against any risk at all—provided you are prepared to pay the premiums. 5.（）. Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know—anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and, by combining them, substitutes a small known loss（premium） contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance market and you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to you or your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrous if he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.

The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm's success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,” says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development （R&D）. Even within industries, the divergence（分歧）between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no longer have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.1. The intangibles of a company are reflected in（）.2. What can we infer about Microsoft?3. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?4. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses bases his ecision on（）.5. The phrase “such decisionsn（Para.4） refers to（）.

Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances（细微差距）and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.1. The passage tells about（）.2. According to Prof. Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior is（）.3. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that（）.4. The phrase “to develop an identity” （Para.4） means （）.5. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that（）.

Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions（离子）in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms,earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral（寒冷的西北风）are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity（静电）indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea（恶心）or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic（地震的）readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.1. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?2. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by（）.3. A high negative ion count is likely to be found（）.4. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?5. Some scientists believe that（）.

The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict （裁定）in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most people,who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the —jury was able to acquit（宣布无罪）the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.1. Where is the passage most likely to be from?2. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show（）.3. The term "electronic city"（ para.2） refers to（）.4. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because（）.5. It can be inferred from the passage that（）.

Money-laundering（洗钱）has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia（黑手党）. As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats（自助洗衣店）. As good cash businesses, they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation（解除管制）of exchange controls are regarded as the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering（）.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” （para. 1） in the first paragraph?3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that（）.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to（）.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by（）.

Directions: From June 1, 2008, China will ban shops from offering free plastic bag and has called on consumers to use baskets and cloth sacks instead to reduce environmental pollution. What do you think about this policy? Please write a composition of approximately 200 words on the following topic:Should We Ban Free Plastic Bags From Shops?In the first part, you should stale clearly your viewpoint on this issue. In the second part, you should support your viewpoint with appropriate details. In the last part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in the loss of marks.Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

我为什么写作？我为了我们的国家、社会、生活更加美好而写作。热爱生活，我叹息一切美好的瞬间的短促。只有文学才能使美好的瞬间与永恒连接起来。至少我有理由希望，在写作的时候我能够比我自己还要好一点，聪明一点，丰富一点，有时候更执着一点，也有时候更豁达一点，因为我实在太平凡了，我实在有太多的缺点甚至于缺陷。我不满意自己，我已经没有办法再重新投胎一次，我只能在写作里得到一些校正与补偿。我喜欢写作还因为这并不总是快乐的。谁能回避那些沉重的不愉快的甚至于可怕的事情呢？然而当这一切经验都变成文学的契机的时候，人生就比较能够忍受了。

Text 1The theory of evolution offers an explanation of how the great variety of present-day animals and plants came into existence. It supposes that life on Earth began in relatively simple forms which over hundreds of millions of years gave rise, by a series of small changes, to a succession of living organisms which became more varied and more complex. Taken to its logical conclusion, the evolutionary theory must suppose that life itself evolved from non-living matter.Text 2The Olympic Games are a series of international amateur sports competitions that originated in Ancient Greece. The games began in 776 BC but were discontinued at the end of the 4th century A.D. The revival of the games took place in Athens where the first modern games were held in 1896. Since then they have been held in four year intervals in different cities around the world. Several changes have taken place since the modern games were inaugurated（开创）; in 1912 women were admitted, in 1924 a separate set of winter games were established and in 1988 professional athletes were allowed to compete in some sports. Since the establishment of the modern games just over a century ago, the number of sports, athletes and countries has steadily increased.

If there is one quality that most American shares, it is a desire that sets their eyes straining for a look beyond the horizon, their minds wondering what might be beyond their range of vision, and their feet on paths into the unknown. The horizons keep expanding; over a century the adventurers and home-seekers braved the wildness to look for independence and prosperity.In the 1800’s the term “the West” was often used to describe any frontier region or territory that lay between the well-established settlements and the untamed wildness. As American moved steadily westward, the frontier moved westward also.The pushing back of the frontier, however, was far from easy. The early pioneer had to face and overcome many dangers and hardships. Horrible snowstorms in winter might destroy his livestock, and many pioneers themselves were frozen to death. In summer a pioneer might stand by helplessly while his cattle died or crops withered for lack of water. At other times, floods might sweep away all of his work But his greatest danger in the early years was from Indian raids. The westward movement was a typical expression of the American character, no too strongly desiring for a settled life but seeking their dreams by moving from place to place. It is still true even now.The worst dangers to a peaceful pioneer in the middle nineteenth century came perhaps not from natural conditions or from Indians, but from pioneers. It was difficult to enforce law and order in such a large area with so little established authority, and some people moved to the west not in order to develop the country but to rob those who were doing hard work. The movement to the west had its heroes as well as its villains.On the way toward the West, one’s success or failure depended largely on his strength and ability in management. Hard labor and tense competition in the West made the frontiersmen rough, so was their language. This could serve as a clue to the understanding of American “honesty”. The Americans were said to value honest speech, honest people, honest government, and honest Presidents.Some people feel that the frontier spirit no longer exists in the USA. But it expresses itself in a number of ways. Americans do not like being without work, and they will travel hundreds of miles in search of a job, showing a courage and an enterprise which is unusual in most of the older European countries. Then there is the exploration of outer space. President John Kennedy in a speech to the nation, spoke of the “New Frontier”. The frontier spirit certainly played a part in putting the first men on the moon, the most recent of all frontiersmen to be crossed.1. The text is mainly about（）.2. According to the text, what is a typical expression of the frontier spirit?3. From the text you can learn what endangered the early pioneer was（）.4. It seems that successful frontiersman（）.5. From the text you can see the author thinks（）.

Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global “conveyor Belt” redistributes ocean organism. It’s a planet wide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr.Carlton—an oceanographer（海洋研究者）at Williamstown, Mass— explains that, at any given moment, “there are several thousand [marine] species [traveling]…in the ballast water（船舶压载水）of ships.” These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels（斑马贝）.Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly―or even beneficially—join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water—taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world...Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallon. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva（幼体）free floating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into mid-ocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for the North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs, it may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological “conveyor belt” should support a coordinated international effort to timid out what is going on and what should be done about it.1. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms are（）.2. Ocean organizers are concerned because（）.3. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species（）.4. The identified cause of the problem is（）.5. The article suggests that a solution to the problem（）.

Between about 1910 and 1930, new artistic movements in European art were making themselves felt in the United States. American artists became acquainted with the new alt on their trips to Paris and at the exhibitions in the famous New York gallery b291t （named after its address on Fifth Avenue） of the photographer Mired Stieglitz. But most important in the spread of the modern movements in the United States was the sensational Armory Show of 1913 held in New York, in which the works of many of the leading European artists were seen along with the works of a number of progressive American painters.Several of the American modernists who were influenced by the Armory Show found the urban Landscape, especially New York, an appealing subject. Compared with the works of the realist painters, the works of American modernists were much further removed from the actual appearance of the city; they were more interested in the “feel” of the city，more concerned with the meaning behind appearance. However, both the painters of the “Ash Can School”and the later realists were still tied to nineteenth-century or earlier styles, while the early modernists shared in the international breakthroughs of the art of the twentieth century.The greatest of these breakthroughs was Cubism, developed most fully in France between 1907 and 1914, which brought about a major revolution in Western painting. It overturned the rational tradition that had been built upon since the Renaissance, In Cubism, natural forms were broken down analytically into geometric shapes. No longer was a clear differentiation made between the figure and the background of a painting; the objects represented and the surface on which they were painted became one. The Cubists abandoned the conventional single vantage point of the viewer, and objects depicted from multiple viewpoints were shown at the same time.1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?2. It can be inferred from the passage that European art trends probably affected United States art most during which of the following years?3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means through which American artists learned about new movements?4. Why does the author mention Alfred Stieglitz?5. According to the author, which of the following was a favorite subject for American modernists?

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