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Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don’t think so. What is your opinion? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words on the Answer Sheet.Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?You are to write in three parts.In the first part state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons/examples to support your opinion. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

There is nothing worse than someone who is always late. Lateness can be a charming eccentricity—for a little while. The trouble is that Mr. or Mrs. Unpunctual soon starts causing inconvenience to other people. That’s when the cheerful acceptance gives way to scorn and resentment.It’s surprising how far the unpunctual person will go to inconvenience others. (1) For example, after accepting the offer of a lift to work the following morning, he or she will fail to turn up at the pick-up spot at the agreed time. There’s sure to be a convincing reason: lost door keys, a child with whooping cough, a cat stuck up an apple tree...The giver of the lift makes sure he’s not late. He’s made the offer and now he feels responsible for it; come what maybe must keep his word. On the other hand, the person who’s receiving the favor feels free to turn up 10, 15 or 30 minutes after the time which had been agreed on. For him or her they are minutes of hurried activity earning the right to chauffeur-driven luxury; for the driver—the victim—they are minutes of sheer frustration, boredom and wasted time.What’s the result of this easy-going attitude? (2) Well, maybe the person who offered the lift gives up the seemingly endless wait and disappears, in which case the latecomer struggles to complete his day’s schedule later than ever. Wherever he goes he blames the lift for “letting him down”.There’s another equally likely result. (3) In this version of the story, the giver of the lift waits in loyal frustration at the side of the road for as long as his thoughtless passenger takes to reach the spot. Not only are both of them late for work, but the passenger tells his colleagues about the driver’s impatience in traffic queues!So what’s the answer? Perhaps there should be a subtle change in how we view time. At the moment we think of it as a very elastic commodity; we make vague arrangements to meet at about a certain time, and no one has a clear idea as to just how far that time will stretch. Will “about ten o’clock” stretch to a quarter past ten—or will it stretch to half past ten? There are no fixed rules.

2. Mobile phones have renewed the interpersonal relationships. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your mobile phones during the meeting!” Still, the meeting room invariably echoes with the mobile rings. Although we are all ordinary people with few matters of great urgency, we will not turn off our mobile phones unless absolutely necessary. Turning on the mobile phones is a symbol of our contact with the world. Mobile phones reflect our hunger for social communication, as can always be seen in a phone user who comes to a sudden halt on his way, staring at the screen of his mobile phone for texting regardless of whether he is in the middle of a road or by a public toilet.

1. China is playing an increasingly important role in helping the international community in the process of eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China has helped as many as 400 million people out of poverty. In the next five years, China will provide assistance to other developing countries in poverty reduction, education development, agricultural modernization, environmental, protection, health care and so on. China has made remarkable progress in poverty alleviation, and it has made unremitting efforts in promoting economic growth. This will encourage other poor countries to cope with their own development challenges. These countries can learn from China’s experience in seeking the path of development with their own characteristics.

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After you have read the passage, answer each question in English. Write down your answer on ANSWER SHEET.A language is a system of sounds, gestures, or characters used by humans to communicate their ideas and feelings. There are about 4,000 spoken languages in the world. Some are spoken by millions of people. Other languages have only a few speakers.All languages have rules for forming words and for ordering those words in sentences. In written languages, meaning is expressed through a system of characters and rules for combining those characters. In spoken languages, meaning is expressed through a system of sounds and rules for combining those sounds. Many deaf people use sign languages, in which gestures do the work of the sound system of spoken languages.Word order is more important in English than it is in some other languages, such as Russian. The sound system is very important in Chinese and in many languages spoken in West Africa.Languages are always changing, but they change very slowly. People invent new words for their language, borrow words from other languages, and change the meanings of words as needed. For example, the English word byte was invented by computer specialists in 1959. The English word tomato was borrowed from Nahuat, an American Indian language spoken in Mexico. The English word meat once referred to food in general.There are several major language families in the world. The languages in each family are related, and scientists think they came from the same parent family. Language families come in different sizes. The Austronesian family contains at least 500 languages, including Pilipino, Malay, and Maori. The Basque language, spoken in northern Spain, is the only member of its language family.The Indo-European language family contains 55 languages, including English, German, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi. Another language family is Sino-Tibetan, which includes Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan. The Afro-Asiatic family includes Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. There are about 150 American Indian languages spoken today. These languages have many differences and have been divided into more than 50 language families.People learn languages by listening, copying what they hear, and using the language. Most children learn their first languages easily, and sometimes other languages as well. Adults often must work harder at learning a second language.1. How many languages are spoken all over the world?2. What are the language rules for?3. How is meaning expressed in sign language?4. What is more important in English compared with other languages?5. Which language is the only member of its language family?

We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition. Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows. Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil smelling gases, the worst of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions. Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva stream slows, and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “morning breath”.Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise—anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it’s not understood why. Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad breath trouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad breath odor with its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs. Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus. If the mouthwash contains alcohol—as most do—it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.1. The phrase “emanate from” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “”.2. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?3. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because .4. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because .5. We can infer from this passage that .

The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.1. In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to .2. According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that .3. The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” (Para 1) most probably means “”.4. The author indicates in the passage that conflict .5. The passage is probably intended to answer the question “__”.

Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal—or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social class—whether a person is “working-class” or “middle-class”—are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers’ jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping”, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was—and still is—inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house but also these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.1. Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past?2. The writer seems to suggest that the description of is closer to truth.3. According to the passage, which of the following is Not a typical feature of the middle-class?4. Working class people’s sense of security increased as a result of all the following factor EXCEPT .5. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

The ideal companion machine—the computer—would not only look, feel, and sound friendly but would also be programmed to behave in a pleasant manner. Those qualities that make interaction comfortable, and yet the machine would remain slightly unpredictable and therefore interesting. In its first encounter it might be somewhat hesitant, but as it came to know the user it would progress to a more relaxed and intimate style. The machine would not be a passive participant but would add its own suggestions, information, and opinions; it would sometimes take the initiative in developing or changing the topic and would have a personality of its own.Friendships are not made in a day, and the computer would be more acceptable as a friend if it imitated the gradual changes that occur when one person is getting to know another. At an appropriate time it might also express the kind of affection that stimulates attachment and intimacy. The whole process would be accomplished in a subtle way to avoid giving an impression of over-familiarity that would be likely to produce irritation. After experiencing a wealth of powerful, well- timed friendship indicators, the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.An artificial relationship of this type would provide many of the benefits that could continue from previous discussions. It would have a familiarity with the user’s life as revealed in earlier contact, and it would be understanding and good-humored. The computer’s own personality would be lively and impressive, and it would develop in response to that of the user. With features such as these, the machine might indeed become a very attractive social partner.1. Which of the following is not a feature of the ideal companion machine?2. The computer would develop friendships with humans in a (n) way.3. Which of the following aspects is not mentioned when the passage discusses the benefits of artificial relationships?4. Throughout the passage, the author is in his attitude toward the computer.5. Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?

Strong emotional bonds between mothers and infants increase children’s willingness to explore the world—an effect that has been observed (1) the animal kingdom, in people, monkeys and even spiders. The more secure we are in our (2) to Mom, the more likely we are to try new things and take risks. Now researchers are discovering that this effect continues into adulthood. A mere reminder of Mom’s touch or the sound of her voice on the phone is (3) to change people’s minds and moods, affecting their decision making in measurable ways.In a study (4) online in April in Psychological Science, undergraduate business students had to choose between safe bets and risky gambles—a bond with a guaranteed 4 percent yearly (5) or a riskier stock option, for example. In half the cases, the experimenters patted the students (6) on the back of the shoulder for about one second (7) providing verbal instructions about the study. Both male and female students who were touched by a female experimenter were (8) more likely to choose the risky alternative than were those who had not been touched or were patted by male experimenters. The reassuring touch of a woman may have induced early associations, (9) the same openness to exploration that is observed in young children of supportive mothers, explains Jonathan Levav, a business professor at Columbia University and lead author of the study.To further (10) that a woman’s touch links feelings of security with risk taking, the researchers asked a (11) group of undergraduates to make financial decisions after a writing exercise. Half of them wrote about a time they felt secure and supported, whereas the (12) half wrote about feeling insecure and alone. Evoking a (13) of insecurity made students in the latter group (14) receptive to the gentle shoulder pats from female experimenters and much more willing to take a risk—just as a child leaving for a field trip might steal one last reassuring hug (15) Mom before stepping on the bus.

Lest anyone ______ it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.

Sometimes it is necessary to be careful ______ the right date to sit for a test.

When Sally the criminal her house, she screamed at the top of her voice because she didn’t want __.

Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time ______.

It can be painful for parents when their children feel out of sync with others, but it is unwise ______ on the importance of fitting in; children get enough of that message in the outside world.

I marvel that he ______, it having been said he had taken his final departure for Portugal.

______, Edward couldn’t help but resent how insignificant his mother made him feel.

The hero of the book, Charles, is a conventional nineteenth-century gentleman; the heroine Sarah, ______ by her lover, is a “fallen woman”, whom Charles tries to help.

______ her pen in ink, when she heard the tramping of little feet along the hall, and then a pounding at her door.

______ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.

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