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Nowadays, more and more people realized the tragic consequences of damaging our environment by different means, like burning fossil fuels, overusing water and electric power, etc. Not long ago, some people in Shanghai advocated a “green style of life” and they invited people to reduce the use of private transportation means, thus to reduce the air pollution and fossil fuel use. Please write an essay on this and explain your ideas with examples.

Leaders know that then there are two opinions on an issue, one is not bound to be wrong. They recognize that hustle and rush are the allies of superficiality. They are open to new ideas, but they explore their ramifications thoroughly.Successful leaders are emotionally and intellectually oriented to the future—not wedded to the past. They have a hunger to take responsibility, to innovate, and to initiate. They are not content with merely taking care of what’s already there. They want to move forward to create something new.Leaders provide answers as well as direction, offer strength as well as dedication, and speak from experience as well as understanding of the problems they face and the people they work with.

顾客对产品和服务有不同的价值观。有的顾客要求价格低，购物方便；有的顾客对价格并不太在意，他们要求产品必须是最新款式，在市场上代表最先进的技术；还有的顾客要求产品或服务能满足他们特殊的需求。所以，一家公司若要成为领先市场的首脑公司并保持其竞争优势，就必须根据自身的条件集中在某个方面做出突出的表现，或者以低成本取胜，或者以最新名优产品取胜，或者以与特殊的顾客群建立紧密的关系取胜。

A UCSF study has revealed new information about how the brain directs the body to make movements. The key factor is “noise” in the brain’s signaling, and it helps explain why all movement is not carried out with the same level of precision.Understanding where noise arises in the brain has implications for advancing research in neuromotor control and in developing therapies for disorders where control is impaired, such as Parkinson’s disease.The new study was developed “to understand brain machinery behind such common movements as typing, walking through a doorway or just pointing at an object,” says Stephen Lisberger, PhD, senior study investigator who is director of the W. M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco. Study co-investigators are Leslie C. Osborne, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow at UCSF, and William Bialek, PhD, professor of physics at Princeton University.The study findings, reported in the September 15 issue of the journal Nature, are part of ongoing research by Lisberger and colleagues on the neural mechanisms that allow the brain to learn and maintain skills and behavior. These basic functions are carried out through the coordination of different nerve cells within the brain’s neural circuits. “To make a movement, the brain takes the electrical activity of many neurons and combines them to make muscle contractions,” Lisberger explains. “But the movements aren’t always perfect. So we asked, what gets in the way?” The answer, he says, is “noise”, which is defined as the difference between what is actually occurring and what the brain perceives. He offers making a foul shot in basketball as an example. If there were no noise in the neuromotor system, a player would be able to perform the same motion over and over and never miss a shot.“Understanding how noise is reduced to very precise commands helps us understand how those commands are created,” says Lisberger, who also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a UCSF professor of physiology.In the study, the research team focused on a movement that all primates are very skilled at: an eye movement known as “smooth pursuit” that allows the eyes to track a moving target. In a series of exercises with monkeys in which the animals would track visual targets, the researchers measured neural activity and smooth pursuit eye movements. From this data, the team analyzed the difference between how accurately the animals actually tracked a moving object and how accurately the brain perceived the trajectory. Findings showed that both the smooth pursuit system and the brain’s perceptual system were nearly equal.“This teaches us that these very different neural processes are limited to the same degree by the same noise sources,” says Lisberger. “And it shows that both processes are very good at reducing noise.” He concludes, “Because the brain is noisy, our motor systems don’t always do what it tells us to. Making precise movements in the face of this noise is a challenge.”1.Of the following movements instructed by the brain, which one is NOT mentioned in the article?2.How does the brain direct a body movement?3.How does “noise” affect a basketball player’s performance?4.Which of the following titles doesn’t belong to Stephen Lisberger?5.The findings of the study with monkeys show that（）.

Letter-writing goes back to thousands of years but heated up during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Historically (perhaps now) letters were indicators of status and breeding. Like conversation, they were used to manipulate, embellish, entertain, threaten, seduce and of course do business. On the way home from discovering America, Christopher Columbus got caught in a storm and his mind turned—as a good bourgeois parent—to his two sons. Who would pay their school fees if he came to a watery end? He picked up a quill and documented his accomplishments on the voyage for his Spanish patrons, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, rolled up the letter in a wooden Madeira cask and threw it into the sea. This was not so much for posterity but rather what University of York professor William H. Sherman has called “a father’s desperate petition for the future support of his children.”The 18th century was strong on the epistolary book, which made authors’ quarrels especially amusing. Tobias Smollett wrote Travels Through France & Italy (my favorite letter contains his description of French women: “As their faces are concealed under a false complexion, so their heads are covered with a vast load of false hair, frizzled at the forehead, so as exactly to resemble the woolly heads of the Guinea negroes”). His approach to anything foreign was considered so full of spleen by author Laurence Sterne that he was moved to write A Sentimental Journey. This satirical novel gives Smollett the name Smelfungus—a cantankerous man addicted to exaggeration, who talks of being “flay’d alive” by cannibals: “I’ll tell it, cried Smelfungus, to the world. You had better tell it, said I, to your physician.” Samuel Johnson, in referring to his own letters, claims “...his soul lies naked” but he had doubts about the truthfulness of others, writing that there was “no transaction which offers stronger temptations to fallacy and sophistication than epistolary intercourse.”How-to books abounded. Letters, apart from business ones, were seen as a feminine task, and templates addressed feminine problems. The New Academy of Complements, for example, published in 1671, titled the letter to be written by abandoned women “A Crack’t Virgin to Her Deceitful Friend.” Hand-writing is the motif. “Now you appear so foul, that nothing can be more monstrous; is this the fruit of your Promises and Vows... how comes it then to pass, that you forsake me, ruin my Reputation, and leave me to become the Map of Shame and Ignominy…” I long to use the Map of Shame bit but I suspect it was as unhelpful then as boiling bunnies is now.A Vanderbilt University study ways children taught cursive writing learn and express themselves better. If so, I have a few suggestions for our educators. How about letters “On Reprimanding a Person of Difference Without Incurring Hate Charges”, or “An Ailing Citizen to His Callous Minister of Health.” The possibilities are, sadly, limitless.1.Letter-writing（）.2.A Sentimental Journey by Laurence Sterne（）.3.Samuel Johnson（）.4.The third paragraph suggested that（）.5.At the end of the article, the author suggested that（）.

The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon sporting event hosted by the city of Boston, Massachusetts, on Patriots’ Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897 and inspired by the success of the first modern-day marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics, the Boston Marathon is the world’s oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world’s most well-known road racing events. The marathon is one of five members of the World Marathon Majors.The event attracts an average of about 20,000 registered participants each year. In the 100th running of the Boston Marathon in 1996, the number of participants reached 38,000. While there are cash prizes awarded to the winners of the marathon, most of the runners participate for the accomplishment of having run the race at all.The Boston Marathon was originally a local event, but its fame and status have attracted runners from all over the world. For most of its history, the Boston Marathon was a free event, and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches. However, corporate-sponsored cash prizes began to be awarded in the 1980s, when professional athletes began to refuse to run the race without cash awards. The first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986.Women were not allowed to enter the Boston Marathon officially until 1972. Roberta (Bobbi) Gibb is recognized as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon (in 1966). In 1967, Kathrine Switzer, who had registered as “K. V. Switzer”, was the first woman to run with a race number. She finished, despite a celebrated incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race. In 1996 the B.A.A retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial women’s leaders of 1966 through 1971.In recent years, critics have pointed to the dominance of foreign-born athletes in the event (especially runners from Kenya) to back their arguments that American professional running is lagging behind the rest of the world in terms of producing quality athletes. However, foreign dominance of the race is nothing new. Between 1946 and 1967 only one American (John J. Kelley in 1957) won the marathon in an era when Finland and Japan were the distance powerhouses.The Boston Marathon is open to all runners, male and female, from any nation, but they must meet certain qualifying standards. To qualify, a runner must first complete a standard marathon course certified by a national governing body affiliated with the International Association of Athletics Federations within a certain period of time before the date of the desired Boston Marathon (usually within approximately 18 months prior). Prospective runners in the age range of 18-34 must run a time of no more than 3:10:59 (3 hours and 10 minutes) if male, or 3:40:59 (3 hours and 40 minutes) if female; the qualifying time is adjusted upward as age increases. For example, a 40-44 year old male can still qualify with a time of 3:20:59. An exception to the qualification requirement is awarded to 1,250 runners who raise a pre-determined level of sponsorship for officially designated local charities.Besides the Olympic trials and the Olympic marathons, Boston is the only major American marathon that requires a qualifying time. Thus for many marathoners to qualify for Boston (to “BQ”) is a goal and achievement in itself, making it a “people’s Olympic event”.1.The first marathon competition began（）.2.Most of marathoners take part in the race to（）.3.The original prize awarded for winning the marathon in 1800s was（）.4.Why do people criticize that America can’t train better professional runners than some other countries?5.Who can participate in the Boston Marathon without a qualifying time?

London’s Heathrow Airport is notorious for queues and delays. Why is this happening and what can you do to avoid the frustration?In the film Catch Me If You Can, Leonardo DiCaprio plays a dashing young con artist who fools an airline into believing he is one of their captains. He strolls through a sleek and futuristic air terminal flanked by a gaggle of stewardesses, his progress serene. The message is clear: Air travel is glamorous, sexy and a total breeze.Cut to Heathrow, 2007, and what is still the world’s largest airport (by passenger numbers) is stretched to breaking point, beset by delays and hampered by a creaking infrastructure. Ken Livingstone, London’s garrulous Mayor, says the airport is “shaming London”. How did it come to this?In a sense, Heathrow’s key role in the development of Britain’s (and the world’s) aviation industry has been its undoing. First opened to commercial fights in 1946, Heathrow has always been there first; consequently, it has inherited a legacy of aging terminal buildings. Then September 11 happened, and security protocols went through the roof. The 2005 London bombings didn’t help matters.The queues to clear Heathrow’s security can take hours to clear, especially when not all the X-ray machines are open. At the other end of the process, passengers have faced seemingly never-ending waits for luggage. A recent Association of European Airlines report showed that between April and June this year the luggage system at Heathrow broke down 11 times.The British government, spurred on by angry airlines, passenger groups and an increasingly vocal media, has announced an enquiry into how the airport is run. Heathrow, like seven other major airports in the UK, is run by the British Airports Authority (BAA), who has been accused of putting the profits from the vast shopping malls in each terminal before investment in security and staff. Ryanair, British Airways and the head of the International Air Transport Association have all criticized the running of the airport, blaming under-investment.A spokesman for Heathrow notes that all may not be lost quite yet. Ninety-seven per cent of passengers get through security after less than 10 minutes of queuing. The baggage rules for using UK airports have been the same for a while now, so travelers should be getting used to the plastic bags and one item of hand-luggage rule. And BAA is recommending that people don’t turn up earlier than they should—three hours for long-haul, two for short haul and 90 minutes for domestic should be fine. Heathrow has also employed 500 new security staff and opened nine new security lanes this year.And then there’s Terminal Five, the gleaming, light-filled Richard Rodgers creation, complete with a landscaped civic space, due to open in March 2008. It will be British Airways’ new home and should take the pressure off the rest of the airport. Far more suitable for a Leonardo-style sashay.1.Leonardo’s performance conveys the idea that air travel is（）.2.Which of the following statements is TRUE?3.It can take hours to pass the airport security, especially when（）.4.Who’s to blame for the under-investment in British airports?5.According to BAA, when should domestic passengers arrive at the airport?

A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. Thus fruit and vegetables are sold wholesale at Covent Garden Market and meat is sold wholesale at Smithfield Market. But there are markets for things other than commodities, in the usual sense. There are（1）estate markets, foreign exchange markets, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may be（2）over the whole world and instead of actually meeting together in a market-place and they may deal with one another by telephone, telegram, cable or letter.（3）dealings are restricted to a particular place, the dealers may consist wholly or in part of agents（4）instructions from clients far away. Thus agents buy meat at Smithfield on behalf of retail butchers all over England; and（5）on the London Stock Exchange buy and sell safeties on instructions from clients all over the world. We must therefore（6）a market as any area over which buyers and sellers are in such close touch with one another, either directly or through（7）, that the prices obtainable in one part of the market affect the prices paid in other parts.Modern（8）of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking, and can accept it if he wishes, although he may be thousands of miles away. Thus the market for anything is,（9）, the whole world. But in fact things have, normally, only a local or national market.This may be because nearly the whole demand is concentrated in one locality. These special local demands,（10）, are of quite minor importance. The main reason why many things have not a world market is that they are costly or difficult to transport.

Two boys were caught smoking in school but the principal let them（）with a warning.

In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid（）.

（）the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding cartoonist.

There is no（）evidence that people can control their dreams, at least in experimental situations in a lab.

Some parents did not appear（）their children to summer schools.

Indigo is a vat color,（）called because it does not dissolve in water.

Bob is so（）to his appearance that he never has his clothes pressed or his shoes shined.

India is a country whose population（）that of China.

Lawyers often make higher（）for the work than they should.

John is（）hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.

In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman（）the Nobel Prize for Literature.

（）they hope to go home tomorrow, they are resigned to staying on until the end of year.

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