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Background information: Secret Superstar is a 2017 Indian musical drama film, written and directed by Advait Chandan, and produced by Aamir Khan (可米尔汗) and Khan Rag. The film tells a story of a teenage girl who aspires to be a singer, and her relationship with her family, especially with her mother. The film deals with social issues including gender equality and domestic violence.Directions: Write a 300-word composition about you views on what media professionals could do to promote gender equality according to the background information.You should write down a title by yourself.Your composition is to include three paragraphs:1. In the first paragraph, state your main idea.2. In the second paragraph, support your main idea with specific examples and necessary reasoning.3. In the last paragraph, bring your composition to a natural conclusion.Attention: Write your composition on the Answer Sheet B.

Another milestone on the journey towards digital cash was passed on November 13th. That date marked the emergence from beta-testing in America of V. me, a “digital wallet” that holds multiple payment cards, in a virtual repository (容器).1. Instead of providing their personal detail and card numbers to pay for stuff online, customers just enter a username and a password. The service is provided by Visa, a giant card-payment network whose headquarters is in the heart of Silicon Valley, close to a host of technology firms which would love to get their hands on a chunk of the global payments business.The short term new technology is actually boosting usage of plastic Smartphone apps often require users to enter their card details to pay for services. Firms such as Square and PayPal have developed tiny card readers that plug into smart phones and allow small traders using their fewer to accept payments cheaply. Ed McLaughlin, who oversees emerging payments technologies at MasterCard, reckons such developments have added 1.2m new businesses over the past 12 months to the card firms list of merchants.2. But even if plastic cards eventually go the way of vinyl records (黑胶唱片), card networks should still prosper because they too are investing heavily in new technology and have several built-in advantages. Visa is betting has member bans can help it to narrow the gap with rivals like PayPal, for instance, which is part of e-Bay and has grown to 11m active users, thanks in part to its use on the auction site. Over 50 financial institutions are supporting the launch of V. me, which accepts non-visa cards in its wallet, too MasterCard and others are also touting digital wallets, some of which can hold digital coupons and tickets as well as card details.Before long all of these wallets are likely to end up on mobile phones, which can be used to buy things in stores and other places. This is where firms such as Square, which has developed its own elegant and easy-to-use mobile wallet and Google have been focusing plenty of energy. Jennifer Schulz, Visa’s global head of e-commerce, predicts there will be a shake-out that leaves only a few wallet providers standing. Thanks to their trusted brands, big budgets and payments savvy (机智，悟性), one or more card companies will be among them.Card networks are also taking stakes in innovative firms to keep an eye on potentially disruptive technologies. Visa owns part of square, which recently struck a deal with Starbucks to make its mobile-payment service available in 7,000 of the coffee chain outlets in America, Visa has also invested in Monitise, a mobile-banking specialist. American Express, for its part, has set up a $100m digital-commerce fund, one of whose investments is in iZettle, a Square-like firm based in Sweden.So far few have tried to create new payments systems from scratch. Those that have toyed with the idea, such as ISIS, a consortium of telecoms companies in America, have concluded it is far too costly and painful to deal with regulators, set up anti-fraud systems and so forth. Fears about the security of new-fangled payment systems also play into the hands of established card firms.Still, they cannot relax. Bryan Keane, an analyst at Deutsche Rank, points out rival digital wallets could promote alternatives to credit and debit cards, including store value cards and direct bank-account-to-bank-account payments 3. Big retailers in America have clubbed together to create their own digital wallet and are likely to prompt users to choose the payment options that are cheapest for the chains by offering them incentives like coupons.Jack Dorsey, the boss of Square and a co-founder of Twitter, agrees that digital wallets will make the trade-offs between various payment options clearer to consumer and reckons this will force card networks to up their game. “They had a major innovation 60 years ago”, he says, “ and there have been very, very few innovations since”4. Some in the payments world might quibble (狡辩) with that but one thing they can all agree on is that spread of mobile payments will bring may more customers. MasterCard's Mr. McLaughlin claims that 85% of commerce still involves cash and check. As mobile purchases take off, more of this activity will move online.5. The biggest prize of all lies in emerging markets, where a lack of financial infrastructure is hastening the rise of phone-based payments system such as M-Pesa which serves Kenya and several other market. Visa has snapped up Fandom, which specializes in payment serve to the unbanked and under-banked in emerging markets; MasterCard has set up a joint venture called Wanda with Telefonica, a Spanish telecom firm, which aim to mobile payments across Latin America. The payments world is changing fast but the card firms are not about to let rivals swipe their business.

The term “folk custom" is very broad, but it has been used by folklorists to refer to those shared patterns of behaviors in a particular folk group. These patterns of behaviors are regarded as traditional and established ways of members of the particular folk group. Folk custom is to transmit by word of mouth demonstration or imitation. The folklore and folk customs of England are rich and varied. Many customs are ancient, passed down, generation to generation from the Germanic and Celtic ancestors. Others are more modern creations.One of the greatest problems in assessing most accounts of folk customs is that they tend to give only the antiquary’s (古董商的，收集古物者的) point of view. After all, to most observers, the people they were looking at were simple and illiterate, unmindful of the true significance of the customs they had preserved. Why question them at length if they didn’t understand the essential nature of what they were doing? So a folklorist is likely to emphasize aspects of a tradition which reflect his or her own interests or which fit in with preconceived ideas, while possibly ignoring or giving only passing mention to aspects which may, in fact, be of equal importance.One aspect which generally gets left out of accounts is the viewpoint of the participants themselves: for instance why they indulge in a particular activity at a particular time of year or of their lives and what feelings they experience while doing so. And now, ideas deriving from folklore studies are so widespread that they may easily have become an integral part of the attitude of the participants in a custom. So the folklorist is rather like a man staring at a scene in a mirror who must be aware, to fully understand that scene, that his own reflection is a major part of what he is looking at.It is, however, also true to say that many contemporary students to folklore are fully aware of the problems which beset their enquiries. Like true scientists they draw their conclusion by looking at available evidence, rather than selecting evidence which fits with existing theories. Some have also looked away from the “obviously’’ ancient and turned their attention to folklore where it thrives, in the social life of modern cities industry and sport etc. They may, for example end up looking at the lore of the motor car, or of popular music, and at customs which, though they have no hints of paganism nevertheless have much in common with older activities which do.Many folklorists have gradually come to the conclusion that folklore is not necessarily a thing of the past, a relic of ancient and outmoded ways of thinking, but the means by which people try to make sense of the world or to confront its lack of sense and try to alleviate (减少，缓和) boredom and suffering.1. Why are early accounts of folk customs unreliable?2. Why is it difficult to study folklore today?3. What is new about folklorists today?4. What does participation in folk customs mean to people?5. The best title for the passage probably is（）.

In last week’s Tribune, there was an interesting letter from Mr. J. Stewart Cook, in which he suggested that the best way of avoiding the danger of a “scientific hierarchy” would be to see to it that every member of the general public was, as far as possible, scientifically educated. At the same time, scientists should be brought out of their isolation and encouraged to take a greater part in politics and administration.As a general statement, I think most of us would agree with this, but I notice that, as usual, Mr. Cook does not define science, and merely implies in passing that it means certain exact sciences whose experiments can be made under laboratory conditions. Thus, adult education tends “to neglect scientific studies in favor of literary, economic and social subjects”, economics and sociology not being regarded as branches of science, apparent. This point is of great importance. For the word science is at present used in at least two meanings, but the whole question of scientific education is obscured by the current tendency to dodge from one meaning to the other.Science is generally taken as meaning either （a） the exact sciences, such as chemistry, physics, etc., or （b） a method of thought which obtains verifiable results by reasoning logically from observed fact.If you ask any scientist, or indeed almost any educated person, “What is science?” You are likely to get an answer approximating to （b）. In everyday life, however, both in speaking and in writing, when people say “science” they mean （a）. Science means something that happens in a laboratory: test-tubes balances, Bunsen burners, microscopes. A biologist, an astronomer, perhaps psychologist or a mathematician, is described as a man of science no one would think of applying this term to a statesman, a poet, a journalist or even a philosopher. And those who tell us that the young must be scientifically educated mean, almost invariably, that they should be taught more about radioactivity, or the stars, or the physiology of their own bodies, rather than that they should be taught to think more exactly.This confusion of meaning, which is partly deliberate, has in it a great danger, Implied in the demand for more scientific education is the claim that if one has been scientifically trained ones approach to all subjects will be more intelligent than if one had had no such training. A scientists political opinions, it is assumed, his opinions on sociological questions, on morals, on philosophy perhaps even on the arts, will be more valuable than those of a layman. But a “scientist”, as we have just seen, means in practice a specialist in one of the exact sciences. It follows that a chemist or physicist, as such, is politically more intelligent than a poet or a lawyer. And, in fact, there are already millions of people who do believe this.But is it really true that a “scientist”, in this narrower sense, is any likelier than other people to approach non-scientific problems in an objective way? There is not much reason for thinking so. Take one simple test—the ability to withstand nationalism. It is often loosely said that “Science is international,” but in practice the scientific workers of all countries line up behind their own governments with fewer scruples than are felt by the writers and the artists. The German scientific community, as a whole, made no resistance to Hitler. There were plenty of gifted men to do the necessary research on such things as synthetic oil, jet planes, rocket projectiles and the atomic bomb.On the other hand, what happened to German literature when the Nazis came to power? I believe exhaustive lists have been published, but I imagine that the number of German scientists—Jew apart—who voluntarily exiled themselves or were persecuted by the regime was much smaller than the number of writers and journalists. More sinister than this, a number of German scientists swallowed the monstrosity （巨大而丑陋的东西） of “racial science”.But does this mean that the general public should not be more scientifically educated? On the contrary. All it means is that scientific education for the masses will do little good, and probably a lot of harm, if it simply boils down to more physics, more chemistry, more biology, etc. to the detriment of literature and history. It’s probable effect on the average human being would be to narrow the range of his thoughts and make him more than ever contemptuous of such knowledge as he did not possess; and his political reactions would probably be somewhat less intelligent than those of an illiterate peasant who retained a few historical memories and a fairly sound aesthetic sense.Clearly, scientific education ought to mean the implanting of a rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind. It ought to mean acquiring a method—a method that can be used on any problem that one meets—and not simply piling up a lot of facts. Put it in those words, and the apologist of scientific education will usually agree. Press him further, ask him to particularize, and somehow it always turns out that scientific education means more attention to the exact sciences, in other words—more facts. The idea that science means a way of looking at the world, and not simply a body of knowledge, is in practice strongly resisted. I think sheer professional, jealousy is part of the reason for this.1. We know from the second paragraph that the author considers the present definition of the word “science” （）.2. When people are talking about science, they may NOT refer to（）.3. The author, contrasts German science with Clurman literature to support viewpoint that（）.4. An average person ignorant of history, being compared with an illiterate farmer, with historical memories is to show that （）.5. The passage can be best summarized as（）.

Their defenders say they are motivated, versatile workers who are just what companies need in these difficult times. To others, however, the members of Generation Y—those born in the 1980s and 1990s otherwise known as the Net Generation—are spoiled, narcissistic idlers who cannot spell and waste too much time on instant messaging and Facebook. Ah, reply the Net Genres, but all that messing around online proves that we are computer-literate multi-taskers who are skillful users of online collaborative tools and natural team players. And, while, you are on the subject of me, I need a month’s vacation to reconsider my personal goal.This culture clash has been going on in many organizations and has lately seeped into management books. The Net Geners have grown up with computers; they are brimming with self-confidence; and they have been encouraged to challenge received wisdom, to find their own solutions to problems and to treat work as a route to personal fulfillment rather than merely a way of putting food on the table. Not all of this makes them easy to manage. Bosses complain that after a childhood of being spoiled and praised, Net Geners demand far more frequent feedback and an over-precise set of objectives on the path of promotion. In a new report from PriceewaterhouseCoopers, a consultancy, 61% of chief executives say they have trouble recruiting and integrating younger employees.For those hard-to-please older managers, the current recession is the joyful equivalent of hiding an alarm clock in a sleeping teenagers' bedroom. Once again, the touchy-feely management fashions that always spring up in years of plenty are being ditched in favor of more brutal command-and-control methods Having grown up in good times, Net Geners have labored under the illusion that the world owed them a living. But hopping between jobs to find one that meets your inner spiritual needs is not so easy when there are no jobs to hop to. And as for that vacation: here's a permanent one, sunshine.In fact, compromise will be necessary on both sides. Net Geners will certainly have to lower some of their expectations and take the world as it is, not as they would like it to be. But their older bosses should also be prepared to make concessions. The economy will eventually recover and demographic trends in most rich countries will make clever young workers even more valuable. Besides, many of the things that Keep Net Geners happy are worth doing anyway. But for the moment at least, the Facebookers are under heavy criticism.1. In the eyes of the critics of the Net Generation, the Net Geners are characterized as（）.2. According to Para. 2, Net Geners are not easy to manage in that（）.3. The word “touchy-feely" in Para. 3 most probably means（）.4. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes（）.5. What is the authors’ attitude towards Net Geners?

Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearers background, personality and social outlook.Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate peoples’ impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, background, or interests.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyle of girls who wear certain outfits, including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore change the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview or a court appearance.In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of “masculine” and “feminine” attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less “feminine” grooming—shorter hair, moderate use of make-up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, “An attractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won’t get a job.”1. The author believes that we can use clothes to（）.2. The phrase “agree on” (Line 1, Para. 3) can best be replaced by “（）”.3. It is commonly agreed that（）.4. By saying that “it has been otherwise for women”, the author means that（）.5. According to the last paragraph, male administrators tend to hire a woman（）.

The research showed that the frequency of a mother’s absence reflected a （）deficiency of the child's level in math and reading.

（）it or not, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.

It is useful to be able to predict the extent （）which a price change will affect supply demand.

I was not surprised at all hearing him shouting at the meeting, the outburst was （）of his bad temper.

The boys in the dorm （）a coin to decide who would clean the floor.

During the World War II many famous scientists sought and received political （） in the United States.

Many difficulties have （） as a result of the change to a new type of fuel.

The young employee has a (n) （）quality—he is totally honest.

There is no （）whatever for the manner in which you behaved foolishly at the English party.

Last Sunday she came to visit us out of the blue. The italicized phrase means（）.

I （） that he was a little crippled in the leg so I slowed down my pace.

The thieves didn’t know that they were deceived until the fake diamond turned out to be （）.

The naughty boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents （）.

The industrial community should be close enough to the crowded centers but distant enough to reduce （） hazards.

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