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The social network becomes a big part of people’s life, especially Weibo, Twitter, Facebook, etc. People tweet feelings and stories, share experience and make friends on these social sites. Anybody in the SNS (Social Networking Services) world would be noticed and could get on as it’s happening. But rumors and defamations(诽谤、中伤)come along with the freedom of people's tweets. Do you think we should issue related laws to control this situation? Write an essay of about 200 words.You are supposed to state clearly your main argument in the first part, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow His instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Please translate the following ten English sentences into Chinese.With a history of more than 5,000 years, China is one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world. China was divided for short periods of its history, with different regions being ruled by different groups. From Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC to Qing Dynasty, China experienced dozens of dynasties in history. Each dynasty achieved unique accomplishments in the fields of polities, economy, culture, science and technology, etc.Han Dynasty was the most advanced empire at that time, which contributes to the formation of the name “the Han Nationality”.Tang Dynasty impressed Chinese for its long time unification and powerful national strength, because of which overseas Chinese call themselves “Tang people” abroad. Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty were periods when economy, culture, education and science were highly prosperous.But the change from one dynasty to another usually led to long-lasting wars, which brought unspeakable suffering for the masses. On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China. Maoist thought was widely applied as the guiding political and military ideology of the Communist Party of China.

It being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders. What are we doing with the information? Just about the last thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and then attack them with the provisions of the new Criminal Justice Bill.If this bill becomes law, magistrates will have the power to impose residential care orders. More young people will be drawn into institutional life when all the evidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks in detention centers will simply give more young people a taste of something else the don't need; the whole regime of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone to be anti-establishment. "I can't think of a better way to do it," says the writer of this report.The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors that are likely to make for delinquency: a low income family a large family, parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child. Not surprising, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were ten, half became juvenile delinquents—compared with only fifth of the sample as a whole.Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal convictions and having another member of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background, 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law.Among those key factors, far and away the most important was having a parent with a criminal record, even if that had been acquired in the distant past, even though very few parents did other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children.The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers' ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give them credit for other than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a fostering of ambition and opportunity which should start early in their school careers.1.According to the author, delinquency should be tackled （）.2.The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of （）. 3.What is the outcome result of putting young offenders into detention centers?4.Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually （）. 5.The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by（）.

Jogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain (or achieve) physical fitness.The most useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great powers in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cause of death in America.Only one sort of equipment is needed—a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginning joggers not to run in a tennis or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make an excellent running shoe indispensable if a runner wishes to develop as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have a soft pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heel cup that will give the knee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent blisters and the foot, ankle and knee injuries and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.No other special equipment is needed; you can jog in any clothing, you desire, even your street clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm-up suits, but just as many wear a simple pair of gym shoes and T-shirt; in fact, many people just jog in last year's clothes. In cold weather, several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or coat. If joggers are wearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change.It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run. The American Jogging Association has a twelve-week program designed to move form a fifteen-minute walk (which almost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure of common sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes.1.They main purpose of this passage is to （）.2.The most useful kind of exercise is exercise that （）. 3.We can conclude from this passage that （）. 4.The author's tone （）. 5.As used in this passage, the word “mystical” means（）.

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic（官僚主义的）management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the rune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is （）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that （）. 3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those （）. 4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should （）. 5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（）.

At some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is "in", fat is "out".It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal-health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modem machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.1.From the passage we can infer taboo is （）.2.Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” in American society （）. 3.The topic of fat is many other taboo subjects （）. 4.In the U.S., thin is “in” fat is “out”，this means （）. 5.Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is （）.

We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”： too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to ’’a long, thin powder fuse that bums steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past fort, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggest that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8,000 BC. till approximate AD 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from same 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world's population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1.Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powder fuse analogy?2.During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in danger of extinction because （）.3.Which statement is true about population increase?4.The author of the passage intends to （）. 5.The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means（）.

Art is considered by many people to be little more than a decorative means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case, however; at times, art may be seen to have a purely functional side as well. Such could be said of the sand paintings of the Navaho Indians of the American Southwest; these have a medicinal as well as an artistic purpose.According to Navaho traditions, one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in some way disturbed or come in contact with the supernatural—perhaps a certain animal, a ghost, or the dead. To counteract this evil contact, the ill person or one of his relatives will employ a medicine man called a “singer” to perform a healing ceremony which will attract a powerful supernatural being.During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the “singer” will produce a sand painting on the floor of the Navaho hogan. On the last day of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sand painting and the “singer” will rub the ailing parts of the patient's body with sand from a specific figure in the sand painting. In this way the patient absorbs the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the ceremony, the sand painting is then destroyed and disposed of so its power will not harm anyone.The art of sand painting is handed down from old “singer” to their students. The material used are easily found in the areas the Navaho inhabit: brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone, which is pulverized by being crushed between 2 stones much as corns is ground into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and fore-finger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designs of stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho belief system. The traditional Navaho does not allow reproduction of sand paintings, since he believes the supernatural powers that taught him the craft have forbidden this; however, such reproductions can in fact be purchased today in tourist shops in Arizona and New Mexico. These are done by either Navaho Indians or by other people who wish to preserve this craft .1.The purpose of the passage is to（）.2.The purpose of a healing ceremony lies in （）. 3.The “singer” rubs sand on the patient because （）. 4.What is used to produce a sand painting?5.Which of the following titles will be best suit the passage?

What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry of her blood. Any chemical change in the mother’s blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we cannot see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study.As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs, connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.1.Which of the following statements is not true?2.A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that （）.3.According to the passage, a child may inherit （）. 4.If a child inherits something from his mother, such as an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs, he will （）. 5.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

People who refuse to （）with the law will be punished.

The （）they felt for each other was obvious to everyone who saw them.

The boxer （）and almost fell when his opponent hit him.

I’d rather you （）anything about it for the time being.

Visitors to England sometimes find the lack of public activities in the evenings （）.

This traditional entertainment for children in America has never, （）I know, become popular in China.

Soldiers act in （）to the orders of their officers.

Nazism and Fascism were （）to be thrown into the dump of history.

Ever since the president’s sexual scandal was made public, there has been a （）fall in hispopularity.

Nowadays many people become unemployed as a result of the wide introduction of （）in big industries

You should have been more patient （）that customer; I’m sure that selling him the watch was a possibility.

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