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The co-operative spirit that is present in such pack-hunters as wolves is largely absent from the world of the primate. Competitiveness and dominance is the order of this day.Competition in the social hierarchy is, of course, present in both groups, but it is less tempered by co-operative action in the case of monkeys and apes. Complicated, coordinated maneuvers are also unnecessary: sequences of feeding action do not need to be strung together in such a complex way. The primate can live much more from minute to minute, from hand to mouth.Because the primate’s food supply is all around it for the taking, there is little need to cover great distances. Groups of wild gorillas, the largest of the living primates, have been carefully studied and their movements traced, so that we now know that they travel on average about a third of a mile a day. Sometimes they move only a few hundred feet. Carnivores, by contrast, must frequently travel many miles on a single hunting trip. In some instances they have been known to travel over fifty miles on a hunting journey, taking several days before returning to their home base. This act of returning to a fixed home base is typical of the carnivores, but is far less common amongst the monkeys and apes. True, a group of primates will live in a reasonably clearly defined home range, but at night it will probably bed down wherever it happens to have ended up in its day’s meanderings. It will get to know the general region in which it lives because it is always wandering back and forth across it, but is will tend to use the whole area in a much more haphazard way. Also, the interaction between one troop and the next will be less defensive and less aggressive than is the case with carnivores. A territory is, by definition, a defended area, and primates are not therefore, typically, territorial animals.A small point, but one that is relevant here, is that carnivores have fleas but primates do not. Monkeys and apes are plagued by lice and certain other external parasites, but, contrary to popular opinion, they are completely flea-less, for on every good reason. To understand this, it is necessary to examine the life-cycle of the flea. This insect lays its eggs, not on the body of its host, but amongst the detritus of its victims sleeping quarters. The eggs take three days to hatch into small, crawling maggots. These larvae do not feed on blood, but on the waste matter that has accumulated in the dirt of the den or lair. After two weeks they spin a cocoon and pupate. They remain in this dormant condition for approximately two weeks before emerging as adults, ready to hop on to a suitable host body. So for at least the first month of its life a flea is cut off from its host species. It is clear from this why a nomadic mammal, such as a monkey or ape, is not troubled by fleas. Even if a few stray fleas do happen to hop on to one and mate successfully, their eggs will be left behind as the primate group moves on, and when the pupae hatch there will be no host “at home” to continue the relationship.1. The writer says of the social life of monkeys and apes that they ____.2. According to the writer, gorillas ____.3. The writer says that primates show little hostility ____.4. Monkeys and apes are not troubled by fleas because ____.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the co-operative spirit present in such pack-hunters as wolves is largely absent from the world of the primates because ____.

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It is hard to get any agreement on the precise meaning of the term “social class”. In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to place a new acquaintance, however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part.In the eighteenth-century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, thought that the “whole annual produce of the land and labor of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: Those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”. Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more complicated.Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth-century between the upper middle class and the working class. There were small-scale industrialists as well as large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and unskilled workers, and professional men such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the possession of wealth inevitably affected a person’s social position. Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than their working-class parents. But they lacked the social training of the upper class, who despised them as the “new rich”.They often sent their sons and daughters to special schools to acquire social training. Here their children mixed with the children of the upper classes were accepted by them, and very often found marriage partners from among them. In the same way, a thrifty, hard-working labourer, though not clever enough himself, might save for his son enough to pay for an extended secondary school education in the hope that he would move into a ‘white-collar’ occupation, carrying with it a higher salary and move up in the social scale.In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited social position still carries considerable prestige.Many people today are hostile towards class distinctions and privileges and hope to achieve a classless society. The trouble is that as one inequality is removed, another tends to take its place, and the best that has as far been attempted is a society in which distinctions are elastic and in which every member has fair opportunities for making the best of his abilities.1. How do we place people in society in relation to ourselves, according to the text?2. Adam Smith’s social make-up was invalidated by ____.3. Which class do small shopkeepers and tradesmen belong to?4. Which of the following statements does NOT truly describe the new rich?5. What happened to the class differences in the twentieth century?

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After a 37-year advertising career at Young & Rubicam, Peter A. Georgescu is finding time to promote a few causes that areas dear to him.Mr. Georgescu, 66, who once managed well-known campaigns like the “Softer Side of Sears,” retired as chairman and chief executive of Young & Rubicam in 2000, but he says he is now in “the most wonderful chapter of my life.”It is an apt metaphor because his book, The Source of Success (Jossey-Bass, $27.95) is being published this month. The book aims to explain what Mr. Georgescu views as the two major challenges facing America: economic competition from the emerging economies of China and India and a need to foster more creativity within American companies.“The only way this nation can compete with those that produce high-quality products at a lower price is by generating ideas that build a special relationship with consumers,” he said. “Everyone has buildings and technology; those are commodities. The only leverage able asset in the future will be creativity.”Any profit from his book will go to a charity called Better Chance, which finds bright children in some of the nation’s poorest neighborhoods and helps them to attend outstanding high schools, including private prep schools like the Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire.Mr. Georgescu, an Exeter alumnus, received a bachelor’s degree in political science from Princeton and an M.B.A. from Stanford before starting at Young & Rubicam in 1963.He said he counted himself lucky to have gained admission to Exeter in 1954, when he arrived in the United States at the age of 15 from his native Romania after spending seven years in a Communist labor camp.“I had been cleaning sewers, and I spoke little English, but someone gave me a chance,” he said, “I want to do that for other young people who are disadvantaged.”He also volunteers as a board member of the New York Philharmonic. In the business world, he holds the title of chairman emeritus of Young & Rubicam and serves as a director for several companies.He and his wife, Barbara, live in Manhattan and have a son and three granddaughters. He rises at 6 a.m. most days to run five miles, partly along the East River.“That’s how I torture myself,” he said.1. From the first 3 paragraphs we know that Mr. Georgescu is ____.2. What are Mr. Georgescu views about the major challenges facing America?3. According to Mr. Georgescu, the future of economic competition lies in ____.4. We may infer from the context that “Exeter” (Line 1, Para. 6) is the name of ____.5. The best title for the passage may be ____.

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Niagara is an Indian word which means “roaring water”. Indeed, the roar of the falling water of Niagara can be heard (1) a distance of 25 km. Imagine (2) of water flowing over a cliff 90 feet high and you will get an idea of that terrible noise.And (3) tremendous power the Niagara River has! It moves big rocks about and throws them into the boiling water below.(4) ago an old ship without single person on board was put in mid-stream. It sailed down the river (5) a toy boat with great speed. Having reached the fall, the ship dropped into the boiling water, never (6) again.There were some people who wanted to become famous (7) swimming across the most dangerous part of the Niagara River. One of them was Captain Webb who said that he would try to swim cross the Niagara, which (8)_ crowds of people. On the evening of July 21st, 1893, Captain Webb came up to the river and (9) a plunge. His having jumped into the water (10) many people with horror. Soon, he appeared in the middle of the river. A loud shout went up from the crowd, but a moment later there was (11) silence. The man had disappeared under the water. Thousands of eyes (12) on the river, but the man was drowned.In 1902, a certain Miss Taylor decided to go over the falls in a barrel. There were different kinds of pillows inside the barrel to prevent her from (13). Having examined the barrel carefully, Miss Taylor got in. The barrel was closed and then (14) into the water. Having reached the falls, it overturned and was shot down by the terrible (15) of the water. When the barrel was finally caught and opened, Miss Taylor came out alive (16) with a frightened look in her eyes.Once a crowd of visitors saw a rope (17) over from one bank of the river to the other. Then they saw a man (18) the rope. The man was an actor, Blondin (19). He managed to cross Niagara Falls on a tight rope. The people on the bank were surprised at his (20) it so well.

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