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In 19th-century America, men of marriageable age outnumbered women. This is in part because the immigrant stream was heavily male and because many young women died in childbirth. Changes in immigration and mortality now mean that the reverse is true. In 1890 there were 107 males for every 100 females in the 20-to 44-year-old group, but in 2002 the ratio had dropped to 98 per 100.The present imbalance has led to exaggerated reports of female marriage prospects. For example, a widely publicized report in 1986 claimed that a white college-educated woman still single at 35 had a 5 percent chance of marrying; at 40, her chances declined to 1 percent. The conclusion seemed credible because it fed the stereotype that women who have a college degree have trouble finding a husband—a notion apparently originating in the late 19th century when marriage by female college graduates was low. A far more reliable forecast, based on more sophisticated analyses, comes from two Princeton University demographers, Joshua R. Goldstein and Catherine T. Kenney, who estimate that 97 percent of white female college graduates born between 1960 and 1964 will eventually marry.Census data bolster their finding. Most women do not face a permanent single life but rather a delay in marriage. Evidence shows that for all women aged 25 to 29 in 2002, 61 per cent had ever married, compared with an average of 76 percent from 1890 to 1940. Among women who were 35 to 44 years old in 2002, however, 87 percent had married, only slightly less than the 89 percent recorded for the 1890 to 1940 period. Since the mid-1800s, more than 90 percent of women have eventually found husbands, and there is no reason to believe that the current generation of women will deviate much from this norm.Besides the shortage of men, other factors have led to the postponement of marriage, including the increasing pursuit of higher education by women, and the resurgence of feminism in the 1960s. According to one theory, the steep rise beginning in about 1970 in the number of women in professional schools resulted from the greater availability of birth control methods. Another deterrent to marriage is lack of information: when in school, women could easily meet and, with the help of friends, evaluate men, but such opportunities tend to diminish as women delay marriage.Marriage rate is lowest among black women without a college degree: only 60 percent born between 1960 and 1964 will ever marry, according to Goldstein and Kenney’s projection. Large numbers of black women have children out of wedlock, a circumstance that bears some relation to the scarcity of black men. Other elements have depleted the ranks of eligible men, including higher than average mortality rates, very high imprisonment rates and unavailability of good-paying jobs. Several studies suggest that welfare does not play a major role in lowering the black female marriage rate.1. One reason for the unbalanced gender ratio in the US in the 1800s was that .2. According to the author, which of the following is more credible?3. The word bolster in Paragraph 3 means .4. Which of the following is a cause for women’s delay of marriage?5. Which of the following statements is true about black women?

A laptop computer is almost inseparable from business situations, college students, or even some pretty serious gamers. Since they’re so portable we often see laptops appearing all around us as more people take their work outside the office or classroom. Seeing this as a great opportunity, many of the big computer companies are developing new technologies and applications that will let us more effectively use our computers.Recently we have seen a trend toward a more effective touchscreen input. This latest trend has stemmed from all the other smaller gadgets that have taken advantage of touchscreen technologies, and customers are starting to expect it everywhere. A laptop with a touchscreen display isn’t exactly a new idea, but we haven’t had anything like the new products that are coming out.One of the reasons that there has been so much development in the touchscreen laptop area is because of the upcoming Windows 7 OS. This new operating system is going to have built-in support for touchscreen technology; the big companies are gearing up for its release. Until now, those companies had to build their own hardware and software to make sure everything worked right. Dell and HP have already released some two-finger touchscreen laptop models, and they are both continuing to develop that technology. Another company, Lenovo, recently announced a new screen that will employ multi-touch technology that will have some interesting benefits.Many of the touchscreen computers that are on the market will allow a user to interface with various applications. They can zoom in or out on maps, manipulate images, and scroll through documents easily and intuitively. With the new four-finger, multi-touch interface, however, users will have a lot more precise control over the applications.Designers and engineers will find this very useful in their work. As a rule, they work with more images and objects than other computer users and require a higher level of precision as they interact with their programs. A multi-touch application could make a big difference for them.A laptop computer can be a big part of our modern lifestyle, and the big companies continue to develop new ways for users to use them. Some users, however, have felt that laptops still have inconveniences in some areas, and use a range of different peripherals to interact with them such as full keyboards, mouses, etc. These companies are hoping to eliminate that need with this new touchscreen technology.More and more we are going to see these new developments in tabletop and laptop computers, but we will likely see it in other places as well. Our phones and other small gadgets have paved the way for casual touchscreen usage, and the laptop industry is poised to take it to the next step.1. According to the passage, a computer’s performance can be greatly enhanced by .2. Window 7 OS has .3. What special benefit can multi-touch screen technology bring to designers and engineers?4. With the new touchscreen technology, the computer companies hope to .5. Which is the best title for the passage?

Not only you but also I ________ mistaken on this point.

The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ________ the size of St. Peter’s in Rome.

Quality is ________ counts most.

Without electricity human life ________ quite different today.

________ plastics, the machine is light in weight.

The secretary worked late into the night, ________ a long speech for the president.

She wants to know whether the measures have been agreed ________.

________ they are 250 miles apart, they keep in constant contact on the Internet.

The questions that the speaker raised were well ________ the average adult.

Pauline and Bruno had a big argument yesterday over ________ they should spend their summer vacation.

Linda’s score is the highest in the class; she ________ last night.

By the time you graduate, you ________ in Australia for one year.

________ his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience.

Since all lectures ________ because of the snowstorm, we decided to go back.

If it ________ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.

Twenty years ago, the population of our town was ________ that of theirs.

Can you make sure ________ the gold ring?

My father, ________ to believe that someone had stolen his truck from our driveway, rushed out of the front door to check for himself.

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