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Reading（）the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours.

There seemed little hope that the explorer,（）by his guide, would find his way through the jungle.

In general, the effects of radiation can be divided into those which affect the individuals exposed and those which affect their（）.

The World Bank has funded many improvement schemes（）, including shantytown and transport improvements.

The assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have provided the scientific evidence of human impact on the climate, and a glimpse of what the future may hold if we don’ t act fast. But while the consensus may be growing on the need for changes in behavior, we’re no closer to understanding how we’re going to do it. Attempting an unprecedented shift in human behavior without the input of psychologists is like setting sail for a faraway land without the aid of nautical maps.Psychological research shows that most people in the UK don’t feel personally threatened by climate change because it is vague, abstract and difficult to visualize. This means that doomsday scenarios and apocalyptic language are unlikely to work—although fear can motivate behavior change, it only works when people feel personally vulnerable.An American study played people recordings of actors delivering speeches about climate change. The version that people responded to the best talked about “air pollution” rather than “climate change” — because pollution is something visible that they could relate to, with strong connotations of dirtiness and poor health. Climate change is about much more than just dirty air, but finding ways of making climate change more visible is critical. People simply don’t worry about things they can’t see (or even imagine). One approach that has been used to increase the amount that people use public transport breaks down habits into simple “if…then” plans. To change a habitual behavior, a person has to identify a goal (drive less, for example), a behavior they want to perform in pursuit of that goal (get the bus to work on Fridays) and a situation that will trigger the behavior (having enough time to catch the bus).Of course, some people are cautious about committing themselves to changes in their personal behavior. They argue that political agreements and technological advances will do more to reduce green-house gases than anything an individual could achieve. But while it is comforting to draw sharp distinctions between politics, technology and individuals, the reality is that human behavior supports it all. Political parties will not pass legislation that is patently unpopular among the electorate. Technology can provide low-carbon alternatives like electric buses. But a zero-emissions bus will have zero passengers unless people decide to use it.If the thought of psychologically informed lifestyle change campaigns sounds a bit too Big Brother for your liking, then consider the alternative: millions of pounds spent on technology that is never taken up, and a market-based system of economic coercion that penalizes the poor while the rich keep polluting. Without an understanding of what drives people’s environmental behavior, the dream of a low-carbon society will remain forever out of reach.16. In face of climate change, most people（）.17. Which of the following activities might be the most effective way to motivate environmental behaviors?18. The author writes Paragraph 4 to（）.19. The phrase “Big Brother” (Line 1, Paragraph 5) probably means（）.20. Which of the following is the best title for this text?

Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: “This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished. ” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The Game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.1. According to the author, recent Olympic Games（）.2. What did the manager mean by saying, “…Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”？3. The basketball example implied that（）.4. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2-3 to show（）.5. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

That mythical beast, homo economicus, is utterly clear about the purpose of work: to get paid. He is keener on leisure than work, and if money can be got without effort, he downs tools. If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.Yet a cross-country comparison of benefits and attitudes to work published on January 28th finds precisely the opposite pattern. Researchers ranked 13 countries according to their generosity (measured by comparing typical benefits to those out of work with the average wage of a production worker) and their citizens’ commitment to work (gauged by asking whether they would work if they did not need the cash, and whether they regarded a job as merely a way to earn a living). The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits were least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates. Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees. But this does not entirely explain their comparative immunity to the attractions of hard work: Britons of every social class and level of education were less keen on work than their counterparts elsewhere.Could the “dependency culture” currently excercising British politicians be solved by raising benefits? Unlikely, says Alison Park, editor of the annual British Social Attitudes Report, in which the study appeared: attitudes to work vary from country to country for many reasons. The generosity of what the report terms “encompassing” states, all Nordic with Lutheran traditions, may have been made possible by a strong work ethic, rather than a stronger commitment to work having emerged as a result of it.And work incentives are affected by features of welfare systems other than overall generosity: “corporatist” states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality. Britain’ s little benefits, by contrast, are largely independent of previous employment, which may mean they are seen as an alternative to work, rather than as one of the good things that flow from it.6. “Work-shy citizens” in the last sentence of paragraph 1 probably refers to people who are（）.7. From paragraph 2, we learn that（）.8. Britons are unmotivated in their work mainly due to（）.9. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

The essential weakness of the old and traditional education was not just that it emphasized the necessity for provision of definite subject-matter and activities. These things are necessities for anything that can rightly be called education. The weakness and evil was that the imagination of educators did not go beyond provision of a fixed and rigid environment of subject-matter, one drawn moreover from sources altogether too remote from the experiences of the pupil. What is needed in the new education is more attention, not less, to subject-matter and to progress in technique. But when I say more I do not mean more in quantity of the same old kind. I mean an imaginative vision which sees that no prescribed and ready-made scheme can possibly determine the exact subject-matter that will best promote the educative growth of every individual young person; that even new individual sets a new problem; that he calls for at least a somewhat different emphasis in subject-matter presented. There is nothing more blindly stupid than the convention which supposes that the matter actually contained in textbooks of arithmetic, history, geography, etc., is just what will further the educational development of all children.But withdrawal from the hard and fast and narrow contents of the old curriculum is only the negative side of the matter. If we do not go far in the positive direction of providing a body of subject-matter much richer, more varied and flexible, and also in truth more definite, judged in terms of the experience of those being educated, than traditional education supplied, we shall tend to leave an educational vacuum in which anything may happen. Complete isolation is impossible in nature. The young live in some environment whether we intend it or not, and this environment is constantly interacting with what children and youth bring to it, and the result is the shaping of their interests, minds and character—either educatively or mis-educatively. If the professed educator gives up his responsibility for judging and selecting the kind of environment that his best understanding leads him to think will be contributive to growth, then the young are left at the mercy of all the unorganized and casual forces of the modern social environment that inevitably play upon them as long as they live. In the educative environment the knowledge, judgment and experience of the teacher is a greater, not a smaller factor, than it is in the traditional school. The difference is that the teacher operates not as a judge set on high and marked by arbitrary authority but as a friendly co-partner and guide in a common enterprise.1. In the author’s view, the basic fault of old education consists in（）.2. The author agitates reforms in the（）.3. It seems that new educationalists favor（）.4. There will be the risk of forming an educational blank if（）.5. Pupils may be well guarded against ill social influences as long as（）.

Write on the ANSWER SHEET a letter of about 120 words based on the following situation:You have just come back from an international conference. Write a letter to Mr. Smith, an American scholar you met at the conference, to:1. introduce yourself and the university where you work,2. invite him to give a lecture at your university.

Write on the ANSWER SHEET a composition of about 200 words based on the topic “Does College Education Prepare Students Well to Melt into Society”?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons or your experience (s) to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

Translate the following text into Chinese.

Translate the following text into English.

Jim had to（）all his skill（）to defeat his tennis opponent.

It is（）to expect an adult reaction from a child.

The mechanic jacked up the car and then（）to change the tire.

A（）statement will very likely be one that appears to be convincing on the surface, but which, upon closer examination, is not so.

Good salesmen know by（）the best approach to take with a particular customer.

Correct ideas are not（）in the mind, but come from social practice.

The legendary island of Atlantis was（）by the sea and disappeared without a trace.

The glassware in the box is（）; it has got to be handled with care.

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