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Many countries granted it to the political refugees when they sought asylum.

The faculty of the college hesitates about abolishing the physical education requirement.

The government has licensed this company to produce weapons.

Most foreign tourists don’t find luxurious hotels very attractive. They prefer their holidays to be exotic.

Different from the blind optimism in the achievements of modern science throughout the 20th century, more and more people are beginning to realize the destructive effects of scientific progress upon human society. Many even believe that whatever benefits science brings to humanity, it will also bring about the most in human violence to animals and every imaginable sort of horrible meddling with human life. Now you are supposed to write an essay in no fewer than 300 words to show whether you agree with such a belief. Marks will be awarded for content, organization grammar and appropriateness.

Directions: Read the following paragraph carefully and translate it into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on the answer sheet.We now know that advanced scientific or technical training is not at all incompatible with a career in practical affairs. On the contrary, it proves a depth and discipline that can be of great value in the complex technical world of today. But there are still those who say that a high level of scientific training produces only specialists with a narrow outlook. The charge was never true, and this book is ample refutation of it. The author of the book is living proof that there is a solution to the ancient debate over whether we should be training specialists or generalists. There are those who argue that the modern world is built on specialization, that those who reach the peaks of performance are usually specialists, and that you will understand everything better if you know one thing in depth. Others say that in this world of specialists, we gravely need people with the breadth to see life whole and to knit the specialists together. The truth is that we need both. We are approaching the time when no one will be able to play a role of leadership in our complex society who is not both specialist and generalist.

Directions: Translate the underlined part of the following text into English. Write your translation on the answer sheet.叫我最难忘的是燕园的小路。无论从哪个校门走进来，大大小小笔直或者蜿蜒的路，都会把你引到湛蓝清澈的未名湖畔。碧绿的垂柳和橙黄的小路镶嵌的一池湖水，就像一只盛满了佳酿的酒杯，送到你面前，尽你领略它的慷慨与盛情。只要你在湖边小路上眺望一会儿，一种宁静的美就会流进心中。常常是黄昏或者夜晚。丢了一天的疲倦和纷扰，我漫步在未名湖边的小路上。明灭闪烁的路灯撒下朦朦胧胧的光晕，如雾似雨。摇曳的树影和轻轻的晚风，送来花的清香。间或有数点草虫的鸣叫，一缕缕年轻人的笑语和歌声，飘到小路上来，与湖面上倒映的灯火，暗蓝的树影，天上的星光，一抹晚霞或一钩淡淡的新月，辉映成有声有色的图景。真像是一首诗，一首写不尽读不完的诗。

Ordinary Aspirin is Truly a Wonder DrugAmericans this year will swallow 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man. The most popular (1) in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild, (2) it is cheap.For millions of people (3) from arthritis, it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th century (4) drug. It is also the second (5) suicide drug and is the leading (6) of poisoning among children. It has side effects (7), although relatively (8), are largely unrecognized among users.Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899, it has been around (9) longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of the leaves and tree bark which today are known to (10) salicylates, the chemical in aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great (11) of experimentation in Europe with this chemical, and it (12) to the introduction of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets were (13) in the United States.A small quantity of aspirin (two five-gram tablets) (14) pain and intimation. It also reduces fever by interfering (15) some of the body’s reactions. Specifically, aspirin seems to slow down the formation of the acids (16) in pain and the complex chemical reactions that cause fever. The chemistry of these acids is not fully understood, but the (17) effect of aspirin is well-known.Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining and many aspiring (18) complain about upset stomach. There is a right way and a (19) way to take aspirin. The best way is to chew the tablets before swallowing them with water but few people can (20) the bitter taste. Some people suggest crushing the tablets in milk or orange juice and drinking that.

Directions: You are going to read a magazine article about country music star Pam Tillis. Eight paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-I the one which fits each gap (23-29). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use .There is an example at the beginning (0).Wild AngelCountry music star Pam Tillis talks about her life and work.(0) IWhile in the studio recording her album All Of This Love, country music star Pam Tillis found herself imagining an old dance hall. As a result, the Mexican-flavored ballad, “Tequila Mockingbird”, one of the album’s highlights is punctuated by the sound of her dance steps.(1)Then her life as turned upside down. At the age of 16, Pam was involved in a serious car accident, leading to years of plastic surgery and occasional pain ever since.(2)After the accident, she attended the University of Tennessee, and it was here that Pam started her first band. Leaving college in 1976, she worked for a time in her father’s publishing company, Sawgrass Music, but then it was time to leave the nest.(3)In the late 1970s, this area was a magnet for young Americans. There was not better place to be, and Pam’s new friends there encouraged her to widen her musical tastes.(4)“It was a crazy time”, Pam recalls. “When you’re young, you go any way the wind blows, so I was experimenting and seeing what I could do. I was searching for my identity, if you like.”(5)Returning to Nashville in 1978, Pam was still looking for her placer. Some of her songs had been recorded by other artists, but she now began the search for her first recording contract.(6)The rest, as they say, is history. Recently voted Female Singer of the Year by the Country Music Association, and with a series of best-selling recording behind her, the most difficult part of Pam’s life these days is balancing her home life, with her husband and young son, and her career.(7)“In some ways it was worse in Dad’s day.” admits Jam. “There was no TV or video and they were away 100 days or more a year. But the sacrifice is worth it. It’s a way of teaching your kids about having a dream and how important it is to follow that dream.”A. However, this took longer than she expected, and having a famous father didn’t automatically open doors. She sang in a rhythm and blues band and after five years of writing and singing, finally got her big chance.B. Pam enjoyed playing with the group she had formed. “There’s enormous energy out there,” she states emphatically. “I lasted just over a year, but then it was time to go home.”C. Pam first appeared on a major stage at the age of eight singing with her father. As a teenager, she showed up at many talent nights in Nashville and performed at local clubs.D. Pam, however, produced her latest record herself. “It was rewarding and enjoyable,” she says, “but I wish I’d been able to take a whole year over it.”E. California has always been the destination for America’s hopefuls and dreamers. Pam felt limited by life in Nashville, and so she too moved to the west coast.F. However, having the advantage of growing up in the music business herself, Pam knows what this involves. She understands what is necessary in terms of hard work and lonely nights spent in hotel rooms.G. Pam believes that the experience gave her a greater determination to live the life she wanted. “If something dramatic like that happens to anyone, it makes them think they survived for a reason.”H. One in particular told her that she was capable of singing any kind of music she wanted. Keen to spread her artistic wings, she put together a “loose jazz/rock band” called Freelight.I. “It wasn’t planned. My violin player started to play his solo and my mind was transported to a time about 200 years ago. When I started dancing, the noise seemed so appropriate that we left it on the record.”

Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world.It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land more vulnerable, well-managed land can survive droughts and recover, even in arid regions. Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or semiarid region, especially where poor land management is practiced. Most vulnerable, however, are the transitional zones between deserts and arable land; wherever human activity leads to land abuse in fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable.[A] Agriculture and overgrazing are the two major sources of desertification. [B] Large-scale farming requires extensive irrigation, which ultimately destroys land by depleting its nutrients and leaching minerals into the topsoil. [C] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and erosion. [D] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years—60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature.Salination is a type of land degradation that involves an increase in the salt content of the soil. This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The great Mesopotamian empires—Sumer, Akkad and Babylon—were built on the surplus of the enormously productive soil of the ancient Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain. After nearly a thousand years of intensive cultivation, land quality was in evident decline. In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later, vast tracts of salinized land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers still resemble rock-hard fields of snow.Soil erosion is another form of desertification. It is a self-reinforcing process; once the cycle of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plants. This further diminishes plant cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff is increased, floods become more frequent and more severe. Flooding washes away topsoil, the thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth's greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth's land-based biological activity occurs. Without this fragile coat of nutrient-laden material, plant life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and the tropical African rain forests; home to some 56 million people. Overpopulation and overgrazing have opened the hyper-arid land to wind erosion, which is stripping away the protective margin of the Sahel, and causing the desert to grow at an alarming rate. Between 1950 and 1975, the Sahara Desert spread 100 kilometers southward through the Sahel.One-third of the earth’s land area of 150 million square kilometers is already classified as semiarid, arid or hyper-arid. It is estimated that is increasing by 215,000 square kilometers of land rendered unproductive by desertification every year. In America, salinization affects over 160,000 square kilometers of land in western and mid-western states, and is worsening annually. Africa loses 300 to 400 million tons of topsoil a year with the spreading of the desert. As a billion people are added to the world’s population every decade, there is less and less arable land to provide food for them. At the present rate of soil deterioration, ecologist warn, another quarter of the earth’s productive soil will disappear within the next century.1. Which of the following statements is true about desertification?2. The word degradation in the passage is closest in meaning to（）.3. According to the passage, many people’s understanding of desertification is incorrect because（）.4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.5. According to the passage, agriculture furthers desertification through which of the following activities?6. Paragraph 4 of the passage serves mainly to do which of the following?7. The word leaching in the passage is closest in meaning to（）.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 6 of the passage that（）.9. Look at the four squares marked A, B, C, and D that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Each furthers the process dramatically, but they act in quite different ways.Where would the sentence best fit (A, B, C or D)?

It would be reasonable to assume that the years following the Civil War were a time of healing and rebuilding. And for the most part, that is what they were, albeit a very long and painful one. While the healing of the rift between North and South did make progress, all was not peaceful and the disharmony wasn’t confined to the political arena. In literary circles too, the period was characterized by upheaval and turmoil. A literary civil war of sorts was raging between the camps of the Romantics and Realists. Later, the Naturalists would join the fray as well. This was a battle waged over the ways fictional characters were presented in relation to their external world. Though the unrest might have been between schools of fiction, it had a very real basis. The battle reflected far-reaching social change that was planting the seeds of new discord- a conflict that would threaten to fragment the country; this time not along geographical borders, but along class lines.Using plot and character development, a writer expressed his or her philosophy about how much control a man really had over his own destiny. Romantic writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson celebrated what they saw as the ability of the human will to triumph over any adversity. [A] Occupying the middle ground were authors like Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James, all of whom were influenced by the works of the early European Realists. It was their belief that people had only a limited capacity to determine the direction their lives took; that humanity’s freedom of choice was constrained by the power of external forces. [B] Diametrically opposed to the Romantic authors were the Naturalists—the likes of Stephen Crane and Frank Norris, who lined up on the side of Emile Zola and the Determinism movement. [C] Their writings gave voice to the view that individuals have no choice whatsoever in what happens to them. It was their position that the path of one’s life was dictated wholly by a conspiracy between hereditary factors and the external environment. [D]Socio-economic changes had a profound and decisive influence on this debate. The Industrial Revolution that took place at the end of the 19th century changed the United States in fundamental ways. In huge numbers, people migrated from rural homes seeking economic opportunities in urban environments. The plentiful supply of labor, combined with new machinery and processes being developed made conditions ripe for an economy focused on manufacturing. For the first time, there was an alternative to agriculture and commerce as a means of livelihood. At the same time, immigrants from all over the world flowed across the borders in pursuit of the same opportunities. In so doing, they added to the burgeoning labor pool, drove down costs and helped to push industrialization forward. Upon arriving in the cities and finding work, most of these migrants found themselves and their families at the mercy of unscrupulous businessmen who exploited them with brutal work schedules and coerced any who tried to resist, or in many cases, anyone who tried to escape. In the end, it was these sweeping economic and social changes and the pessimism they engendered that swung the balance of power in favor of the Realists and the Naturalists.Much of the literary product of the period had a distinctly regional character. This too could be traced to economic changes. The Industrial Revolution called for standardization, the mass production of goods, and streamlined channels of distribution. The lifestyle changes this rationalization of production entailed were profound and people began to fear that local traditions would fall by the wayside trampled in reckless pursuit of economic efficiency. Responding to these sentiments, Realist writers sought to capture and preserve the “local color” before it was lost. They drew upon the grim realities of everyday life in depicting the breakdown of traditional values and the deepening plight of the new urban underclass. This focus on the ordinary lives of ordinary people was characteristic of American Realism. Readers were attracted to the stories because they were something with which they could identify. American life was changing, the pace was quickening, and readers needed writers who dealt directly with the problems they were facing. In the great literary struggle the Romantic writers had been rendered irrelevant, vanquished by changing circumstances.1. Which of the following could best serve as a title for the passage?2. Which of the following statements does the passage support?3. Which of the following best expresses the essential meaning of the italicized sentence in the passage?4. The phrase a means of livelihood in the passage is closest in meaning to（）.5. In paragraph 3, the author mostly does which of the following?6. According to paragraph 4, what motivated Realist authors to give their works a regional flavor?7. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?8. Look at the four squares marked A, B, C, and D that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This was an altogether pessimistic view that left man totally at the mercy of circumstance.Where would the sentence best fit (A, B, C or D)?

Automatic fire alarms,（）smoke detector, are installed in almost all public buildings.

Mass transit systems relieve traffic congestion when the service is convenient,（）and affordable.

A meteor burns brightly（）through the earth’s atmosphere.

In the 1950s, many people believed that the more they produced and consumed,（）.

Patrick Henry, born in 1736,（）by his father, who had advanced training in mechanics.

The United Nations was supposed to（）the role of global peace-keeper.

There are still some（）for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.

To be（）with you, I think you’re making a dreadful mistake by refusing to cooperate.

Due to his recent failure to meet the deadline, Jason is（）from the list for promotion.

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