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中国将深化改革，促进应用型科研机构转制为企业，鼓励技术型企业的发展。这是一项使科技与经济相结合的重要举措。科研机构转制为企业后，将建立现代企业制度，适应市场需要，从而充分发展其研究、开发和创新的优势。

Markets in stocks and commodities form a vital part of the American economic system. Millions of individuals buy and sell small lots of stocks and commodities while mutual funds and trusts trade in large lots. In good times, when it appears that prices will rise, money from savings or from other types of investment comes into market. When this happens, prices are driven higher. Often a period of speculation follows in which the “bull”, those who make money on a rising market, are in the ascendancy. When the market can no longer sustain the speculative fever, a reaction sets in, selling develops, and prices begin to fall. At this point the “bears”, or those who make money in a falling market, are fortunate. Americans buy almost everything on credit, and stocks are no exception. Usually an investor can make a stock purchase by paying 50 percent down and getting a loan on the remainder. This is called “margin” of 50 percent. The balance is borrowed from the brokerage as security.

As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly). Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with .2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be .3. According to the text, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT .4. The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to .5. In the text, the author does all of the following EXCEPT __.

The age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out).Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Keasey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty: five-year-olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Ann’s pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.1. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?2. According to the passage, Keasey’s findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?3. According to the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which of the following about five-year-old children?4. According to the passage, Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six-year-olds acquired which of the following abilities?5. According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would NOT have agreed on which of the following points?

One gray dawn, he was kicked in the leg by another soldier, and then, before he was entirely awake, he found himself running down a wood road in the midst of men who were panting from the first effects of speed. His canteen banged rhythmically upon his thigh, and his haversack bobbed softly. His musket bounced a trifle from his shoulder at each stride and made his cap feel uncertain upon his head.The youth thought the damp fog of early morning moved from the rush of a great body of troops. From the distance came a sudden spatter of firing.He was bewildered. As he ran with his comrades, he strenuously tried to think, but all he knew was that if he fell down those coming behind would tread upon him. All his faculties seemed to be needed to guide him over and past obstructions. He felt carried along by a mob.The sun spread disclosing rays, and, one by one, regiments burst into view like armed men just born of the earth. The youth perceived that the time had come. He was about to be measured. For a moment he felt in the face of his great trial like a babe, and the flesh over his heart seemed very thin. He seized time to look about him calculatingly.But he instantly saw that it would be impossible for him to escape from the regiment. It enclosed him. And there were iron laws of tradition and law on four sides. He was in a moving box.As he perceived this fact it occurred to him that he had never wished to come to the war.He had not enlisted out of his free will. He had been dragged by the merciless government. And no they were taking him out to be slaughtered.The regiment slid down a bank and wallowed across a lite stream. The mournful current moved slowly on, and from the water, shaded black, some white bubble eyes looked at the men.As they climbed the hill on the farther side artillery began to boom. Here the youth forgot many things as he felt a sudden impulse of curiosity. He scrambled up the bank with a speed that could not be exceeded by a bloodthirsty man. He expected a battle scene.There were some little field surrounded by a forest. Spread over the grass and in among the tree trunks, he could see knots and waving lines of skirmishers who were running hither and thither and firing at the landscape. A dark battle line lay upon a sun-struck clearing that gleamed orange color. A flag fluttered.Other regiments floundered up the bank. The brigade was formed in line of battle, and after a pause started slowly through the woods in the rear of the receding skirmishers, who were continually melting into the scene to appear again farther on. They were always busy as bees, deeply absorbed in their little combats.The youth tried to observe everything. He did not use care to avoid trees and branches, and his forgotten feet were constantly knocking against stones or getting entangled in briers. He was aware that these battalions with their commotions were woven red and startling into the gentle fabric of softened greens and browns. It looked to be a wrong place for a battle field. The skirmishers in advance fascinated him. Their shots into thickets and at distant and prominent trees spoke to him of tragedies—hidden, mysterious, solemn.1. The details used in the first paragraph of the passage create an impression of .2. The word “faculties” in Paragraph 3 most nearly means .3. It can be inferred from the use of the phrase “the flesh over his heart seemed very thin” (Paragraph 4) that the youth is most likely .4. The overall tone of the passage is best described as .5. In the second paragraph from the bottom, the author likens the skirmishers to busy bees, “deeply absorbed in their little combats,” in order to __.

Our ignorance about the underlying truth of human nature has not been for want of trying. Philosophers took up the question as one of the very first that human systematically asked about themselves. But philosophers produced answers as various as Aristotle’s and Rousseau’s. Since the late 1900s, behavioral and social scientists too have tried to understand human nature. But while they have illuminated many useful bits and pieces, they have failed as system-builders. What is left of Freud’s theories, out of the beliefs that were so intellectually pervasive in mid-century? Psychotherapy remains, in abundant variety, but only remnants of Freudianism. What is left of B. F. Skinner? Behaviorism is still a productive branch of psychology, but the Skinnerian Vision of human nature that once seemed so compelling is dead.How can we have expended so much of our collective genius on understanding human nature and still know so little for certain? Because up until now, we have been able to observe only behavior. People can hold very different views of human nature because we observe in the human being, in abundance, every sort of behavior. Or to put it statistically, human nature does not consist of universal human characteristics but of distributions. Is mankind altruistic or selfish? From everyday experience, we know that some people behave selfishly and some behave altruistically. The implications of a distribution in which, for example, the average value is “fairly selfish” are very different from the implications of a bell curve in which the average value is “fairly altruistic”. The implications of a curve that is narrow and steep (meaning that almost all human beings are very close to the median value) are very different from those of a shape that is wide and short (meaning that human nature for this characteristic is all over the map).The problem is that, while scientists can measure the observed shape of these behaviors, they have been stymied by the nature/nurture problem. This is not to say that we know nothing. Just as geologists know a lot about the probability of finding oil based on rock formations on the surface, psychologists have learned to infer a lot about the heritability of observed traits. But in both cases, the observer is dealing with outcroppings and probabilities, while the exact, inarguable truth lies hidden.1. It can be inferred from the passage that Freud’s theories .2. The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means .3. The author suggests that people are able to hold varying views of human nature because __.4. What does the author mean by saying “...human nature for this characteristic is all over the map” (paragraph 2)?5. Which of the following is in accordance with the point of view presented in the passage?

The stratospheric ozone layer is not a completely uniform stratum, nor does it occur at the same altitude around the globe. It lies closest to the Earth over the poles and rises to maximum altitude over the equator. In the stratosphere, ozone is continuously being made and destroyed by natural processes. During the day the Sun breaks down some of the oxygen molecules to single oxygen atoms, and these atoms, reacting with oxygen molecules that have not been dissociated, form ozone. However, the sunlight also breaks down ozone by converting some of it back to normal oxygen. In addition, naturally occurring nitrogen oxides enter into the cycle and speed the breakdown reactions. The amount of ozone present at any one time is the balance between the processes that create it and those that destroy it.Since the splitting of the oxygen molecules depends directly upon the intensity of solar radiation, the greatest rate of ozone production occurs over the tropics. However, ozone is also destroyed most rapidly there, and wind circulation patterns carry the ozone-enriched upper layers of the atmosphere away from the equator. It turns out that the largest total ozone amounts are found at high latitudes. On a typical day the amount of ozone over Minnesota, for example, is 30 percent greater than the amount over 900 miles farther south. The density and altitude of the ozone layer also change with the seasons, the weather, and the amount of solar activity. Nevertheless, at any one place above the Earth’s surface, the long term averages maintained by natural processes are believed to be reasonably constant.The amount of ozone near the Earth is only a small percent of the amount in the stratosphere, and exchange of molecules between the ozone layer and at the ground level is thought to be relatively small. Furthermore, the ozone molecule is so unstable that only a tiny fraction of ground-level ozone could survive the long trip to the stratosphere, so the ozone layer will not be replenished to any significant degree by the increasing concentrations of ozone that have been detected in recent years near the Earth’s surface. The long-term averages of ozone both near ground level and in the stratosphere are regulated by continuous processes that are constantly destroying and creating it in each of these places. This is why scientists are so concerned about human being’s injection into the stratosphere chemicals like nitrogen oxides, which are catalysts that facilitate the breakdown of ozone. If the ozone layer is depleted significantly, more ultraviolet radiation would penetrate to the Earth’s surface and damage many living organisms.1. What’s the thematic question of the passage?2. According to the passage, what most resembles the processes that determine the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere?3. Which of the following has the LEAST effect on the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere?4. In terms of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, natural processes are assumed to form ______.5. What is the main idea of the passage?

Directions: Write a composition of about 200 words on the topic of “How do I measure successful career?” Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)NOTE: In the first part of your writing you should state clearly the thesis statement (i.e., your main argument), and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Cell phone use has exploded in many countries, easing communication between individuals but causing social uneasiness as well. In the industrialized West, cell phone use has leapfrogged over conventional phone networks that relied on cumbersome telephone lines and expensive underground wiring. In Asian countries, especially poorer ones like Cambodia, such high infrastructure costs are being avoided by simply moving to wireless communication.However, even in the most modern countries, cell phone use has proved somewhat of a novelty, one that has required a redefinition of social conventions. The ability to always be connected with another person, no matter where one travels, has led to a friction of personal space and different perceptions on the value of communication. Today, cell phone users can talk to friends, workers and family members while catching a bus, walking along the street or climbing a flight of stairs.But what of the people around cell phone users? Often a loud cell call in a movie theater or a recital hall will bring sighs of annoyance by the audience as impatience with beeping and ringing increases. But should government step in to regulate the use of cell phones and restrict their use? Some argue that market forces are best suited to solving consumer dissatisfaction. Proponents of this perspective cite new rules in movie theaters and concert halls that require patrons to turn off their cell phones before the performance begins.Others, however, see a role for government in harnessing this new technology. In some states, it is now illegal to drive and talk on a mobile phone. As a response to these laws and because of the complications of performing more than one task while speaking on a cell phone, .companies have developed headsets so that users can talk “hands free”. Nevertheless, this solution has perhaps aggravated social friction by making cell phone use even more convenient. Many users are now seen talking to themselves—a sign not of mental instability—but of the rapid expansion of modern technology.Regardless of private or public restrictions on the use of cell phones, society still has a long way to go before it can truly accept and adapt to the burdens of cell phone use on third parties. Only when distinct social norms are created to deal with common cell phone use will the technology become more accepted and viewed less as an irritant.1. The example of Cambodia in the first paragraph is used to represent a county that .2. The word “leapfrogged” in the first paragraph most probably means that .3. In Paragraph 3, what is the author’s position in regard to cell phone use restriction?4. According to the passage, one unforeseen consequence of hand free use has been __.5. According to the author, which of the following must be achieved before cell phone use can be truly accepted?

Many instructors believe that an informal, relaxed classroom environment is (1) to learning and innovation. It is not uncommon for students to have (2) and friendly relationships with their professors. The casual professor is not necessarily a poor one and is still (3) by students. Although students may be in a subordinate position, some professors treat them as (4). However, no matter how (5) professors would like to be, they still are in a position of authority.Professors may (6) social relationships with students outside of the classroom, but in the classroom they (7) the instructor’s role. A professor may have coffee one day with students, but the other day expect them to (8) a deadline for the (9) of a paper or to be prepared for a discussion or an exam. The professor may give (10) attention outside of class to a student in (11) of help but probably will not treat him or her differently when it (12) evaluating school work. Professors have several roles (13) students; they may be counselors and friends as well as teachers. Students must (14) that when a teacher’s role changes, they must appropriately (15) their behavior and attitudes.

The young woman was so beautiful that she ______ every other woman at the ball.

China needs to increase its overseas investment, especially in energy and raw materials, as this will ______ world supplies and be vital for rebalancing the world economy.

With the advent of new technologies, trash recycling is becoming an increasing ______ option for waste disposal.

The ______ typist and secretary is very conscientious about correcting even the smallest errors.

The ______ of materialism has dominated the thinking of young people and led them to pursue as much personal gains as possible.

Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a ______ event.

Learning how to think critically, do research, communicate, and improve writing skill, is all in preparation for a ______ college curriculum.

Excited and unafraid, the ______ child examined the stranger with bright-eyed curiosity.

In 1911, the forces of Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Republic, and Pu Yi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was forced to ______.

Many of these states have experienced ______ nationality conflicts, and few of these conflicts have been permanently resolved.

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