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From 1965 to 1978 American consumer prices increased at an average annual rate of 5.7 percent. This ominous shift was followed by consumer price gains of 13.3 percent in 1979.

Write an essay on the topic given below, expressing your opinions. What you produce should bear evidence to your solid foundation of English in terms of vocabulary, structure as well as academic capacity. Your writing should meet a minimum request of 250 words.TOPIC:Your composition should be based on the following two questions after you have read the story given in Chinese.1. What do you think about the story?2. What do you learn from it?英国史学家卡莱尔经过多年的伏案，写成了《法国大革命史》的全部文稿，那时候没有电脑，一切都得用手来完成，而且难得有“备份”。卡莱尔写完后的第一件事，就是将它交给最信任的好友米尔去完善。然而就在第二天，手稿被米尔家的女佣当作废纸丢进了火炉，而且，更糟糕的是，为了保持书房的整洁，卡莱尔每写完一章，就随手把原来的笔记、草稿撕碎。可以想见卡莱尔当时的心情，但他很快就平静下来，反而安慰伤心的米尔：“没关系，就当我作文交给老师批阅，老师说：‘这篇不行，重写一次吧，你可以写得更好！’”卡莱尔再起炉灶，重写这部巨著，如今人们读到的《法国大革命史》，就是他的第二稿。这一稿的质量，无论文字上还是内涵上，都达到了卡莱尔写作的巅峰。

Directions: Translate the following passage into English on your ANSWER SHEET.

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.Very few writers on the subject have explored this （1）—indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the （2） to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a/an （3） education Justified for reasons radically different from why education is （4） required by law. It is not simply to （5） everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally （6） to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain （7） of the American citizen, a character who is （8） if he cannot competently assess（9） his livelihood and happiness are affected by things （10） of himself.But this was not always the case, before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain（11）, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped （12） nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is （13） to be educated. Computer-education advocates （14） this optimistic notion for a pessimism that （15） their otherwise cheery outlook.（16）on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often（17） the job prospects of graduates over their educational（18）.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools （19） the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are（20） equipped for the professions they want to join.

As in the case of so many words used by the biologist and physiologist, the word acclimatization is hard to define. With increase in knowledge and understanding, meanings of words change. Originally the term acclimatization was taken to mean only the ability of human beings or animals or plants to accustom themselves to new and strange climatic conditions, primarily altered temperature. A person or a wolf moves to a hot climate and is uncomfortable there, but after a time is better able to withstand the heat. But aside from temperature, there are other aspects of climate. A person or an animal may become adjusted to living at higher altitudes than those it was originally accustomed to. At really high altitudes, such as aviators may be exposed to, the low atmospheric pressure becomes a factor of primary importance. In changing to a new environment, a person may, therefore, meet new conditions of temperature or pressure, and in addition may have to contend with different chemical surroundings. On high mountains, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere may be relatively small; in crowded cities, a person may become exposed to relatively high concentrations of carbon dioxide or even carbon monoxide, and in various areas may be exposed to conditions in which the water content of the atmosphere is extremely high or extremely low. Thus in the case of humans, animals, and even plants, the concept of acclimatization includes the phenomena of increased toleration of high or low temperature, of altered pressure, and of changes in the chemical environment.Let us define acclimatization, therefore, as the process in which an organism or a part of an organism becomes used to an environment which is normally unsuitable to it or lethal for it. By and large, acclimatization is a relatively slow process. The term should not be taken to include relatively rapid adjustments such as our sense organs are constantly making. This type of adjustment is commonly referred to by physiologists as “adaptation”.Thus our touch sense soon becomes accustomed to the pressure of our clothes and we do not feel them; we soon fail to hear the ticking of a clock; obnoxious odors after a time fail to make much impression on us, and our eyes in strong light rapidly become insensitive.The fundamental fact about acclimatization is that all animals and plants have some capacity to adjust themselves to changes in their environment. This is one of the most remarkable characteristics of living organisms, a characteristic for which it is extremely difficult to find explanations.1. According to the reading selection, all animals and plants（）.2. It can be inferred from the reading selection that（）.3. According to the reading selection, acclimatization（）.4. By inference from the reading selection, which one of the following would not require the process of acclimatization? 5. According to the passage, a major distinction between acclimatization and adaptation is that acclimatization（）.

Scientists are hoping to eliminate malaria （疟疾）by developing a genetically modified mosquito that cannot transmit the disease. Malaria has long troubled the populations of South America, Africa, and Asia, where mosquito bites infect up to 500 million people a year with this serious and sometimes fatal parasitic blood disease. For generations, scientists have been trying to eliminate malaria by developing new drugs and using pesticide （杀虫剂）to wipe out local mosquito populations. But these measures aren’t working — and some scientist, like Greg Lanzaro, say that because of drug resistance and population changes, malaria is actually more prevalent now than it was 20 years ago. Lanzaro says he has a better way to stop the spread of malaria: genetically modifying mosquitoes so they are unable to carry the disease.Lanzaro and his colleagues are planning a multi-year project to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes and he thinks they can do it within five years. “We can get foreign into mosquitoes and they go where they’re supposed to go,” Lanzaro says, pointing out that scientists have already succeeded in genetically engineering mosquitoes that cannot transmit malaria to birds and mice. And he says, scientists are quickly making progress on genes that block transmission of the disease to humans as well.The most difficult part scientifically, Lanzaro says, is figuring out how to get the lab-engineered mosquitoes to spread their genes into natural populations. After all, he points out; it’s useless to engineer mosquitoes in the lab that can’t transmit malaria when there are millions out in the wild that can. To solve this problem, Lanzaro wants to load up a mobile piece of DMA with the malaria-resistant gene, and then insert it into a group of mosquito embryos. The malaria-resistant gene would be integrated directly into the mosquitoes’ DNA, making it impossible for those mosquitoes to transmit the parasite that causes malaria. In this way a small group of lab-raised mosquitoes could be released into the wild, and by interbreeding with wild mosquitoes, eventually transmit the beneficial gene to the entire population.61. One reason for malaria to be more widespread now is that （）.A. more people have moved to malaria-infected areasB. mosquitoes have become resistant to pesticidesC. genetically modified mosquitoes still transmit the diseaseD. mosquitoes bite as many as 500 million people a year62. Lanzaro is hopeful that in a few year man can（）.A. start to eliminate malariaB. cure parasitic blood diseasesC. prevent mice from transmitting parasitesD. acquire immunity against malaria63. Lanzaro is confident that scientist can block the transmissions of malaria to humans because（）.A. natural mosquito populations do not changeB. scientists have succeeded with birds and miceC. foreign genes always go where they are requiredD. lab-raised mosquitoes will not be resistant to drugs64. What is the most difficult part of Lanzaro’s project?A. Spreading malaria-resistant genes into natural mosquito populations.B. Raising malaria-resistant mosquitoes.C. Making genes that block the transmission of malaria.D. Identifying malaria-resistant genes.65. According to the passage, a fundamental way to wipe out malaria is to（）.A. develop new malaria-resistant drugsB. produce effective pesticides to kill mosquitoesC. change the genetic makeup of mosquitoesD. remove people from malaria-infected areas

The age at which young children begin to make moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Kensey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy, in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Kensey’s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty, self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdalc and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor’s action was justified by public duty; five year olds reacted very differently to “Bonnie wrecks Ann’s pretend house” depending on whether Bonnie did it “so somebody won’t fall over it” or because Bonnie wanted “to make Ann feel bad.” Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified: the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.1. Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?2. Darley found that after seven months of kindergarten six year olds acquired the ability of（）.3. According to the passage, Piaget and Kensey would not have agreed on（）.4. The term “public duty”（in line 5 of paragraph 2）in the context of the passage means（）.5. Kensey’s findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?

Some people say that the study of liberal arts is a useless luxury we cannot afford in hard times. Students, they argue, who do not develop salable kills will find it difficult to land a job upon graduation. But there is a problem in speaking of “salable skills”. What skills are salable? Right now, skills for making automobiles are not highly salable, but they have been for decades and might be again. Skills are another example of varying salability, as the job market fluctuates. What’s more, if one wants to build a curriculum exclusively on what is salable, one will have to make the courses very short and change them very often, in order to keep up with the rapid changes in the job market. But will not the effort be in vain? In very few things can we be sure of future salability, and in a society where people are free to study what they want, and work where they want, and invest as they want, there is no way to keep supply and demand in labor in perfect accord.A school that devotes itself totally to salable skills, especially in a time of high unemployment, sending young men and women into the world armed with only a narrow range of skills, is also sending lambs into the lion’s den. If those people gain nothing more from their studies than supposedly salable skills, and can’t make the sale because of changes in the job market, they have been cheated. But if those skills were more than salable, if study gave them a better understanding of the world around them and greater adaptability in a changing world, they have not been cheated. They will find some kind of job soon enough. Flexibility, and ability to change and learn new things, is a valuable skill. People who have learned how to learn can learn outside of school. That is where most of us have learned to do what we do, not in school. Learning to learn is one of the highest liberal skills.1. From the passage, we can learn that the author is favor of（）.2. The word “fluctuate” (Line5, Para. 1) most probably means（）.3. According to the author, who of the following is more likely to get a job in times of high unemployment?4. According to the author, in developing a curriculum school should（）.5. We can learn from the passage that（）.

The first reaction one has to the question of viable approaches to the control of chemical and biological weapons is that there are no such approaches. And it is most difficult to dispense with this first reaction. The reasons are that the nations, including some of the smaller ones, are already downstream too far. The larger stores of weapons for CB warfare may be restricted to the major powers, but there is little doubt that an increasing capability is proliferating to some of the smaller and developing countries. What used to be largely a picture of research has turned to development, and development has turned to manufacturing and stockpiling. The subject is shrouded in secrecy and it is the secrecy which seems to provide a nonstop momentum to realize the full potential of these types of weapons. No one really knows what someone else may have ready for employment in a military situation. The large and expensive programs in the United States and Russia are attributed to each other’s “large and expensive programs”. Knowledge and capability required for detection and defense are tied to knowledge and capability for retaliation. The “no first use” policy of the United States and other major nations implies that this retaliation be in kind, and this requires that weapons of the CB class be available.A philosophy of mutual deterrence (制约) is developing in CB warfare comparable to that in nuclear warfare. In fact, much of the literature on the subject repeats that the stalemate in the latter opens up the need for capability in the former. As an arms race, CBW does not present the spiraling costs of the ICBM-ABM systems, hence a movement to CB weapons (especially chemical) among some smaller nations. So far as the major powers are concerned, the elements in CBW which are in common with the nuclear arms race include the now-accepted approach to that race. Thus in discussing control of CB warfare, an editorial in the British journal, Nature, concluded: “The balance of terror between the great power blocs may not be to everybody’s taste, but it is probably still the best way of avoiding War.”1. It can be inferred that the control of chemical and biological warfare（）.2. Which of the following is NOT given as a cause for the continued development of CB weapons?3. The writer in the British journal might feel that the research and development of CB systems should be（）.4. The justification for the United States’ participation in CB warfare programs is mainly due to the（）.5. The main purpose of this article is to（）.

Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage seniors from feathering their own nests at expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses’ pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by American’s larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended.Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss’s friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsides spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders.All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, “independent” boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance.To assess the impact of performance related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with states of over $1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher’s big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a company’s overall-success.In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage — which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having.1. What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders and putting them on the board of directors?2. What does Professor James Westphal’s study suggest?3. The word “seduction” (Line 1, Para. 4) probably means（）.4. Which of the following statements is true?5. How does the author feel about the efforts to control senior executives?

There were several explanations of the phenomenon, nobody ______the right one the first time.

Henry was the only one who knew how to cook because he had _______in the kitchen when he was a boy.

When it became clear that management and the union could not settle their differences, the president _______to settle the argument.

In some societies, when people exchange gifts, the giver will say his gift is of less value, while the receiver _______its value.

When dusts in the sky are at levels where little air is in motion, they do not _______for many years.

James Henry Smith was a _______Manchester United fan in life, and even death could not keep him from his favorite spot in a recliner, in front of a TV showing his beloved team in action.

Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that _______in pictures from space.

If you repeatedly find yourself _______or agreeing to requests you are reluctant to fulfill and feeling unhappy about, you might want to look at some reasons why you say yes when you prefer to say no.

He planned to buy an apartment since he is going to get married next year, but the cost of the property in the big cities is _______.

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