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Next semester, Susan must take three compulsory courses.

It is anticipated that this contract will substantially increase sales over the next three years.

He does nothing that violates the interests of the collective.

I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of narrow-minded prejudice.

Chinese farmers are mostly living a simple and thrifty life as it is today.

The accepted criteria of adequate diet have been challenged by new discoveries in nutrition.

Nearly eleven thousand people have been arrested for defying the ban on street trading.

Presumably, excessive consumption of fried foods has serious consequences as has been proved.

The nasty language of local officials makes them seem very ignorant and rude.

Silk, although it is considered a delicate fabric, is in fact very strong, but it is adversely affected by sunlight.

Directions: The retirement age for women has been a disputable topic in recent years. According to China’s current law, the legal retirement age for male and female office workers is 60 and 55 respectively. For women involved in average labor it is 50. For those who are engaged in heavy manual work or work harmful to their health, the retirement age is 55 for men and 45 for women. At this year’s session of China’s National People’s Congress (NPC), some NPC deputies put forward that the retirement age for women should be deferred. Do you agree with them? Please write an essay of no less than 250 words to state your own point of view clearly, and support it logically and sufficiently. You essay should be written on the Answer Sheet III.

Directions: Translate the following passage into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet II.

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet II.

Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that （71） toddlers are most likely to succeed during their school careers, （72） their younger counterparts are more likely to （73）. Kindergarten children who turn five during the （74） half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it （75） physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten （76） to receive better grades and score higher on achievement （77） throughout their schooling experience （78） do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the （79） thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children （80） inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: youngster’s （81） parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have （82） anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fall to maintain their initial academic advantage （83） their less-pressured peers.Many psychologist and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question （84） environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantages home. They do not deny, however, the （85） of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children （86） freedom to play, develop at their own （87）, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now （88） of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too （89） and thereby depriving them of their（90）.

A complex operation called spinal fusion has emerged as the treatment of choice for many kinds of back pain. But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the laminectomy（椎板切除术）. Some people would be better off with no surgery at all. Even doctors who favor fusions say that more research is needed on their benefits.In the absence of better data, critics point to a different reason for the fusion operation’s fast rises: money. Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. Hospitals also collect two to four times as much. “We all cave in to market and economic forces,” said Dr. Edward C. Benzel. Though doctors, as a rule, should favor the least complicated treatment — with surgery being the last resort — Dr. Benzel estimated that fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate.Doctors and hospitals are not the only players with a financial stake in fusion operations. Critics blame the companies that make the hardware for promoting more complex fusions without evidence that they are significantly more effective. Some sort of hardware is used in almost 90 percent of lower-back fusions and the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $2.5 billion a year.The hardware makers in general acknowledge giving surgeons millions of dollars for consulting and researches, but say the money promotes technical advances that improve back care. But a lawsuit brought by Scott A. Wiese, a former sales representative of Medtronic ― the biggest maker of spinal hardware, accused the company of trying to persuade surgeons to use its products with offers of first-class plane tickets to Hawaii and nights at the finest hotels. Medtronic said it did nothing wrong, and it denied the accusations in the lawsuit. But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. Federal officials declined to comment on the investigation, and Medtronic said it would vigorously defend itself.Still, between the allure of money and the quest for breakthroughs in treatment, some prominent spinal surgeons say that back care has gone astray.1. Which of the following statements on the treatment of back pain is true?2. It is implied that doctors （）.3. The hardware makers （）.4. The company Medtronic （）.5. What does the author mean by “back care has gone astray” in the last paragraph?

The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid-1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses heretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail’s Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1910s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America’s prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons — the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy” and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patient’s fights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day to day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.1. Which of the following happened in mental institutions after economic depression?2. It can be inferred that, had the Civil Rights movement not prompted an investigation of prison conditions, （）.3. According to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of （）.4. According to the passage, who is responsible for surveillance of good patient care?5. The main purpose of the passage is to（）.

There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induce us to lay particular stress upon the study of culture that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view: relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?1. Which of the following statements is true? Our social behavior is （）.2. Why is social behavior difficult to change?3. In order to answer the question: “which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics?” we have to emphasize on the study of （）.4. The three points of view that indicate the relations of individuals are （）.5. Form the definitions of the three points of view, according to the passage, we can infer that （）.

The marvelous telephone and television network that has now enmeshed the whole world, making all men neighbors, cannot be extended to space. It will never be possible to converse with anyone on another planet. Even with today’s radio equipment, the messages will take minutes ― sometimes hours ― on their journey, because radio and light waves travel at the same speed of 186,000 miles a second.Twenty years from now you will be able to listen to a friend on Mars, but the words you hear will have left his mouth at least three minutes earlier, and your reply will take a corresponding time to reach him. In such circumstances, an exchange of verbal message is possible — but not a conversation.To a culture which has come to take instantaneous communication for granted, as part of very structure of civilized life, this “time barrier” may have a profound psychological impact. It will be a perpetual reminder of universal laws and limitations against which not all our technology can ever prevail. For it seems as certain as anything can be that no signal — still less any material object ― can never travel faster than light.The velocity of light is the ultimate speed limit, being part of the very structure of space and time. Within the narrow confines of the solar system, it will not handicap us too severely. At the worst, these will amount to twenty hours ― the time it takes a radio signal to span the orbit of Pluto, the outer-most planet.It is when we move out beyond the confines of the solar system that we come face to face with an altogether new group of cosmic reality. Even today, many otherwise educated men ― like those savages who can count to three but lump together all numbers beyond four — cannot grasp the profound distinction between solar and stellar space. The first is the space enclosing our neighboring worlds, the planets, the second is that which embraces those distant suns, the stars, and it is literally millions of times greater. There is not such abrupt change of scale in the terrestrial affairs.Many conservative scientists, shocked by these cosmic gulfs, have denied that they can ever be crossed. Some people never learn; those who sixty years ago laughed at the possibility of flight, and ten years ago laughed at the idea of travel to the planets, are now quite sure that the stars will always beyond our research. And again they are wrong, for they have failed to grasp the great lesson of our age — that if something is possible in theory, and no fundamental scientific laws oppose its realization, then sooner or later it will be achieved.One day we shall discover a really efficient means of propelling our space vehicles. Every technical device is always developed to its limit and the ultimate speed for spaceships is the velocity of light. They will never reach that goal, but they will get very near it. And the nearest star will be less than five years of voyaging from the earth.1. For light to travel across the solar system, it will take （）.2. The fact that it will never be possible to converse with someone on another planet shows that （）.3. Confronted with the new group of cosmic reality, many educated men （）.4. Conservative scientists who deny that cosmic gulfs can ever be crossed will （）.5. The author of the passage, readers can infer, intends to show the （）.

One fact was clearly demonstrated by the early sleep researchers: one part of the night is not just like another. As scientists began to compare the records of volunteers, they observed that human sleep follows a rhythmic schedule; they noted that not only was this schedule much the same in healthy person of the same age with similar habits but, from night to night, each individual had an EEG record almost as consistent as a signature.Sleep and wakefulness, once considered to be the light and dark of consciousness, no longer seem to differ so sharply. To sleep does not mean to drown in an ocean of darkness. Actually, sleep is not a unitary state; it involves many shades or degrees of detachment from the surrounding world. Sleep is made up of separate stages of light and deeper slumber. Typically, only during the first hours of sleep does a person reach the stage of the deepest slumber, the rest of them is spent drifting between the other lighter stages in specific patterns, all night long a person drifts down and up through different levels of consciousness, as if on waves. While sleep may feel like a blanket of darkness punctuated by dreams — a time when the mind is asleep — nothing could be less true. With laboratory methods, researches have been able to chart the typical stages of the journey into sleep.The journey starts while the subject is still awake but beginning to relax; his brain waves, which have been low, rapid, and irregular, begin to show a new pattern; this new pattern, which is known as alpha rhythm, is an even electrical pulsation of about 9 to 12 cycles per second. Most people do not know what the alpha state feels like, but during the last few years researchers have been able to teach subjects how to recognize and learn to sustain their alpha rhythm.When their EEG shows an alpha rhythm, the subjects are notified, either by a sound or by the appearance of a color on a screen. Because the alpha state tends to be relaxed, the ability to sustain it can help tense people ease their passage into sleep. A moment of tension, a loud noise, an attempt to solve a problem, however, and the alpha rhythm may vanish.As the subject passes through the gates of the unconscious, his alpha waves grow smaller, and his eyes roll very slowly. For a moment, he may wake up during this early part of the descent, alerted by sudden spasm that causes his body to jerk. Like the brain waves, this spasm is a sign of neural changes within. Known as the myoclonic jerk, it is cause by a brief burst of activity in the brain. The myoclonic jerk is normal in all human sleep, it is gone in a fraction of a second, after which the descent continues, the subject has not felt this peculiar transformation, but now he is said to be truly asleep.1. The sentence “each individual had an EEG record almost consistent as a signature” means （）.2. In the second paragraph, the author describes that （）.3. The word “unitary” in the second paragraph means （）.4. When can we say that a person is asleep?5. We can infer from the passage that the “alpha rhythm” is（）.

Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines. At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. Warner Schaie, have studied 5000 people, some since 1956. People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental stimulation. Similarly, those lucky enough to be relatively affluent also fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel.Education helps too. Researchers say because it instills the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie-Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellectual vigor.Flexibility counts too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before” Schaie says. In neuropsychological terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of mental function. And people satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says.If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hours tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years late when they were retested.Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visuo-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, and playing bridge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows.Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s.1. In the passage, the author mainly discusses （）.2. The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (paragraph 1) refers to （）.3. According to the researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?4. From this passage we may safely infer that （） might help prevent mental declines.5. According to the author, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that （）.

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