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She contrived to get a glimpse of the light of truth here and there, and hoped that（）ray might suffice to guide her.

Certain decisions were made that seemed obvious and necessary at the time, but（）, we know that some of them are not as beneficial as the creators then believed.

Microsoft reigned for years as the wealthiest technology company primarily（） its ownership and cultivation of Windows — the universal platform for applications on the PC.

None of this is（）surprising, nor are these questionable industry machination limited to the frenzied search for the so-called pink pill.

Directions: Human identity, the idea that defines each and every one of us, could be facing an unprecedented crisis. It is a crisis that would threaten long-held notions of who we are, what we do and how we behave. According to neuroscientists, this crisis could reshape the way we think, we learn and we interact with each other, alter what makes us happy, and modify our capacity for reaching our full potential as individuals. It is caused by one simple fact: We are excessively reliant on the use of the information technology. Likewise, the way we traditionally learn and teach in classrooms is under threat from the modern technology and fails to attract the post-1990s, who have been negatively stereotyped as a selfish group or labeled as Iphone fans or Wechat-(or QQ-) addicted kids.What do you think of the possible changes that could be made in the Chinese tertiary education to be adapted to the learning needs of the post-1990s in the new era of information technology? Write a composition of about 250 words expressing your own opinions. You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Note: In the first part of your writing you should state clearly the thesis statement (i.e., your main argument), and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Directions: Choose two of the following sentences and translate them into English. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 5 points each)Note: You are required to translate two of the following sentences, and you don’t need to translate them all. 1、“取法乎上，仅得其中；取法乎中，仅得其下；取法乎下，无所得矣。”2、针对中国的问题，国家领导人为中国未来描绘了“四个全面”战略蓝图，即全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党。“四个全面”是中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的关键一招。3、子曰：中人以上，可以语上也；中人以下，不可以语上也。4、我国发展中不平衡、不协调、不持续问题仍然突出，反腐败斗争形势依然严峻，我们一定要全面落实经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设五位一体总体布局，开拓生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。5、一段时期以来，北京以及中国东部比较大的范围出现雾霾天气，对此我们心情都很沉重。对这一长期积累形成的问题，我们要下更大的决心，以更大的作为去进行治理。6、历史证明，在科学发展的进程中，一些杰出人物个人的作用不可忽视，杰出的科学家既为人类物质文明做出贡献，也以自己高尚的道德情操，为人类的精神文明留下宝贵的财富。

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)At its most fundamental level, a theory is a set of statements about natural phenomena that explains why these phenomena occur the way they do. In the sciences, theories are used in what Kuhn calls the job of “puzzle solving”. By this Kuhn means that scientists look at observable phenomena as puzzles or questions to be solved. Why does the earth revolve around the sun and not fly off into space? Why are humans bipedal but the other primates are knuckle-walkers? These are all questions about things that confront us everyday, and it is the job of scientists to account for them.In short, then, the first duty of a theory is to account for or explain observed phenomena. But a theory ought to do more than that. A theory also ought to make predictions about what would occur under specific conditions. Let’s look at one familiar example.In the early part of the 19th century, scientists were already aware of the presence of microorganisms in the air and water, and they had an idea about the connection between the organisms and disease. However, they had no idea of how they came into existence; indeed, belief in the spontaneous generation of these organisms was widespread. “Bad air” was thought to cause disease. Careful experimentation by Louis Pasteur and other scientists demonstrated that microbes, though carried by air, are not created by air. Living organisms come from other living organisms. These discoveries led to the development of the germ theory of disease, which proposed that disease was caused by microorganisms. The acceptance of this theory had obvious important applications in public health, such as the development of vaccines, hygienic practices in surgery, and the pasteurization of milk. It not only could explain the presence and spread of disease, it could also predict, for example, that doctors who delivered babies without washing their hands after performing autopsies (尸体解剖) on patients who had died from childbirth fever would transmit the disease to new patients. Even more important, the same theory could be used to connect phenomena that on the surface appeared unrelated, such as the transmittal of disease, fermentation processes in wine and beer production.

When they marry, husbands and wives have well-developed health histories and well-established congenital and developmental propensities toward good and ill health. Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health propensity and health condition of an individual at a particular time, his or her probability of better or worse future health is affected by a variety of socially mediated factors that are subject to influence or manipulation by his or her spouse.Spouses can promote each other’s health by ameliorating psychological stress. A substantial literature develops strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increase mortality risk, and serves as an important mechanism that links socioeconomic characteristics to health and mortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress by talking about it to a trusted other person, psychological treatment, physical exercise, recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.Spouses also can promote each other’s health by providing each other with supportive social contact, and they can facilitate or inhibit each other’s social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, coworkers and acquaintances. Recent experimental data shows that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to experimentally introduced upper respiratory viruses than persons with less diverse social networks.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage money income effectively. Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health more likely. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic and safe environment, medical care, and amenities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged or unusually wealthy, husbands and wives almost always share their financial resources and purchase and consume many of these health-promoting goods and services jointly. In short, there are many ways in which spouses can influence each other’s probability of good health.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How spouses can promote each other’s physical condition.B. The spouse’s probability of future well-being.C. Effects of spouse’s hours of work on each other’s health.D. Spouses influence each other in various ways.52. According to the author, what is the most effective way for the husband to reduce psychological stress?A. To talk to other person.B. To go to see psychiatrist.C. To take pleasure.D. To talk with his wife.53. Which one is the suitable summary of paragraph 1?A. Spouse’s influence is of vital importance to each other’s health.B. Spouse’s influence has nothing to do with health.C. Healthy spouses will remain health after their marriage.D. There are a variety of socially mediated factors.54. How can money make good health?A. Money sometimes may be powerful enough to buy health directly.B. Spouses can manage money income effectively for each other’s health.C. Money can provide spouses with goods and services, which is likely to make good health.D. For the sake of each other’s heath, husbands and wives should share everything.55. Which of the following is likely to throw spouses into ill health?A. Positive interaction with relatives. B. Appropriate physical exercise.C. Few social networks. D. Nutritious food.

Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives, provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning.46. The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is ___.A. troublesome B. labor-saving C. rewarding D. expensive47. By saying “…the prophecy becomes self-fulfilling...” (Para. 2), the author means that _.A. girls will turn out to be less valuable than boysB. girls will be capable of realizing their own dreamsC. girls will eventually find their goals in life beyond reachD. girls will be increasingly discontented with their life at home48. The author believes that a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when _.A. women care more about educationB. girls can gain equal access to educationC. a family has fewer but healthier childrenD. parents can afford their daughters’ education49. What does the author say about women’s education?A. It deserves greater attention than other social issues.B. It is now given top priority in many developing countries.C. It will yield greater returns than other known investment.D. It has aroused the interest of a growing number of economists.50. This passage mainly discusses ___.A. unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countriesB. the potential earning power of well-educated womenC. the major contributions of educated women to societyD. the economic and social benefits of educating women

When my wife, Meg, suffered a severe stroke that immobilized her left side, I knew we would be facing a grueling odyssey involving several hospitals, dozens of doctors and countless therapy sessions. What I wasn’t prepared for was the American Way of Managed Health Care, a system that is bureaucratic and often dysfunctional. Yes, medical practitioners in the United States are generally considered among the best in the world, and my wife primarily had first-rate care, but their back-office practice—a business dominated by third-party payers—is badly run at worst and woefully confusing at best.Meg’s stroke occurred while we were vacationing in the south of France last summer. After being stabilized in the emergency room of a small hospital, she was transferred immediately to a large teaching hospital, where she received excellent treatment in a world-renowned stroke pavilion. When I received the bill for her 2 1/2-week stay at the Pasteur Hospital in Nice, I asked the deputy administrator for an itemized statement. I knew I’d need to show it to our health-insurance company —the one-page invoice for more than 20,000 euro wouldn’t do. The administrator was puzzled. There were only two daily rates, he explained, one for soins intensifs—or intensive care—and another for non-acute care. There were no extra charges; the numerous ambulance transfers, MRI brain scans, X-rays and assorted tests associated with any serious injury or illness were all-inclusive. In fact, the only supplement was 10.67 Euros—about $13—a day for food which, although not three-star bistro quality, was certainly a bargain, and better than anything you can eat in a U.S. hospital.I’m not arguing that the French health-care system should be a world benchmark, but compared with what we faced when we returned home; it was a model of simplicity and efficiency. Of course, everything in American medical care is a la carte, and the invoices are so dense with codes and abbreviations, it’s a wonder anyone can decipher them. I often wonder, how much does this cost the American public annually?At one New York hospital, we received bills from doctors we’d never heard of, including one who charged for an office visit when Meg couldn’t even get out of bed. The managed care provider’s computer sent him a check without question. Had he not billed us for the co-payment I never would have noticed the error. Over the past few months, I spent hours clearing up these kinds of mistakes. A doctor friend who heads a department in a large hospital admitted that these kinds of complaints are all too common.Meg’s medical tab has reached nearly $300,000, which seems monumental, even given the nature of her catastrophic injury. Thankfully, we were covered for most of it. Yet $90,000 of that figure had little or nothing to do with patient care. Roughly 30 cents of each health-care dollar goes to administration, or the processing of paperwork. If that figure could be reduced by a third, even $30,000 would go a long way toward extending her rehab treatments. (Meg’s 2004 benefits have run out.)When Meg was finally discharged after spending 56 days in hospitals, we received co-payment bills for her medical equipment, including an itemized statement for every extra on her wheelchair (no, the brake extensions, foot pedals, armrest, anti-tip bars, seat and seat belt are not included). But the provider billed us two ways, one for leasing the chair and another for purchase. Even now, after numerous phone calls, I still don’t know whether we own or are renting the wheelchair.The outpatient rehab therapy sessions presented their own set of challenges. The hospital sent a number of bills—printed in alphanumeric codes—for additional thousands of dollars even though we made the proper co-payments at the time of treatment. Billing administrators barely raised an eyebrow when I told them I had spent too much time on hold and would no longer bother calling to dispute the charges. (We have since received automated early-morning phone calls asking us to contact the hospital.)I’ve checked with others who have had protracted negotiations with health-care providers and insurers over complex medical treatment. They echo my frustration. Why is it incumbent on the recipient to spend countless hours rectifying the medical administration’s mistakes? How much extra does this process add to the nation’s annual health-care bill?Medicare—our government-subsidized system that cares for the elderly—has a much better record in administrative costs. It spends between three and four cents of every dollar on paperwork and processing. A single-payer system is easier and cheaper to run. We’ve had a two-tier health-care system in the United States for a while, and only one tier works. Isn’t it time for managed care to slim down and help its patients get better instead of burdening them with needlessly expensive paperwork?1. “Odyssey” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _.2. Which of the following concerning the French medical system is NOT true according to the author?3. Which of the following concerning American health-care system is NOT true?4. What is the author’s attitude towards American health-care system?5. The main purpose of the passage is to_.

The part of the environmental movement that draws my firm’s attention is the design of cities, buildings and products. When we designed America’s first so-called “green” office building in New York two decades ago, we felt very 1 . But today, thousands of people come to green building conferences, and the 2 that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly influential in years to 3 .Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren’t designed for 4 use. The “energy-efficient” sealed commercial buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis 5 indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paint, wall covering and carpet. So far 20 years, we’ve been focusing on these materials 6 to the molecules, looking for ways to make them 7 for people and the planet.Home builders can now use materials—such as paints that release significantly 8 amounts of organic compounds—that don’t 9 the quality of the air, water, or soil. Ultimately, 10 , our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “less bad” but on creating 11 healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil 12 reused by industry again and again. As a matter of 13 , the world’s largest carpet manufacturer has already developed a carpet that is fully and safely 14 .Look at it this way: No one 15 out to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are 16 causing these conditions, whether we like it or not. So 17 of simply trying to reduce the damage, we are 18 a positive approach. We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a 19 effect on the world. It’s not just the building industry, either. 20 cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building. Portland, Seattle and Boston have said they want to be green cities. Chicago wants to be the greenest city in the world.

Modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substitute in their place（）superficial relationships（） passing acquaintances.

There is not the woman born who desires to eat the bread of dependence, no matter ( ) from the hand of father, husband, or brother; for any one who does so eat her bread places herself in the power of the person（）she takes it.

Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,（）at the other store.

I would do anything for her except（）what she cooks.

On hearing the news, I went up to Dale’s room, removed the hamster from its cage and, paying（）attention to her grief, proceeded to swing it around by its tail to make sure it really was dead.

Parents often faced the（）between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.

Practicing mindfulness and meditation is becoming increasingly popular among lawyers in order to（） so much of the stress that goes along with a career as an attorney.

Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close（）.

The mayor called together all his staff members and announced that the freshly appointed director of general affairs was（） his ex-wife’s son.

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