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The years between 1870 and 1895 brought enormous changes to the theater in the United States as the resident company was undermined by touring groups, as New York became the only major center of production, and as the long run replaced the repertory（库存）system. By 1870, the resident stock company was at the peak of its development in the United States.The 50 permanent companies of 1870, however, had dwindled to 20 by 1878, to 8 by 1880, to 4 by 1887, and had almost disappeared by 1900. While the causes of this change are numerous, probably the most important was the rise of the “combination” company (that is, one that travels with stars and full company). Sending out a complete production was merely a logical extension of touring by stars. By the 1840’s many major actors were already taking along a small group of lesser players, for they could not be sure that local companies could supply adequate support in secondary roles.There is much disagreement about the origin of the combination company. Bouciault claimed to have initiated it around 1860 when he sent out a troupe with Colleen Bawn, but a book published in 1859 speaks of combination companies as already established. Joseph Jefferson Ⅲ also declared that he was a pioneer in the movement. In actuality, the practice probably began tentatively during the 1850’s, only to be interrupted by the Civil War. It mushroomed in the 1870’s, as the rapid expansion of the railway system made it increasingly feasible to transport full productions. In 1872, Lawrence Barrett took his company, but no scenery, on tour; in 1876, Rose Michel was sent out with full company, scenery, and properties. By the season of 1876—1877 there were nearly 100 combination companies on the road, and by 1886 there were 282.

The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated（61）an ongoing struggle against（62）and indifference on the part of the American mainstream, and a struggle（63）as an upward movement is（64）toward ever more justice and opportunity.Technology in and of（65）is not at fault; it’s much too simple to say that gunpowder or agricultural machinery or fiber optics（66）been the enemy of an（67）group of people. A certain machine is put（68）work in a certain way the purpose（69）which it was designed. The people who design the machines are not intent on unleashing chaos; they are usually trying to（70）a task more quickly, cleanly, or cheaply,（71）the imperative of innovation and efficiency that has ruled Western civilization（72）the Renaissance.Mastery of technology is second only（73）money as the true measure of accomplishment in this country, and it is very likely that by（74）this under-representation in the technological realm, and by not questioning and examining the folkways that have（75）it, blacks are allowing（76）to be kept out of the mainstream once again. This time, however, they will be（77）from the greatest cash engine of the twenty-first century. Inner-city blacks in particular are in danger, and the beautiful suburbs（78）ring the decay of Hartford, shed the past and learn to exist without contemplating or encountering the tragedy of the inner city.And blacks must change as well. The ways that（79）their ancestors through captivity and coming to freedom have begun to lose their utility. If blacks（80）to survive as full participants in this society, they have to understand what works now.

D. H. Lawrence was the fourth child of Arthur Lawrence and Lydia Beardsall, and their first to have been born in Eastwood. Ever since their marriage in 1875, the couple had been on the move: Arthur’s job as a miner had taken them where the best-paid work had been during the boom years of the 1870s, and they had lived in a succession of small and recently built grimy colliery villages all over Nottinghamshire. But when they moved to Eastwood in 1883, it was to a place where they would remain for the rest of their lives; the move seems to have marked a watershed in their early history. For one thing, they were settling down: Arthur Lawrence would work at Brinsley colliery until he retired in 1909. For another, they now had three small children and Lydia may have wanted to give them the kind of continuity in schooling they had never previously had. It was also the case that, when they came to Eastwood, they took a house with a shop window, and Lydia ran a small clothes shop: presumably to supplement their income, but also perhaps because she felt she could do it in addition to raising their children. It seems possible that, getting on badly with her husband as she did, she imagined that further children were out of the question. Taking on the shop may have marked her own bid for independence. Arthur’s parents lived less than a mile away, down in Brinsley, while his youngest brother Walter lived only 100 yards away from them in another company house, in Princes Street. When the family moved to Eastwood, Arthur Lawrence was coming back to his own family’s center: one of the reasons, for sure, why they stayed there.Lydia Lawrence probably felt, on the other hand, more as if she were digging in for a siege. East wood may have been home to Arthur Lawrence, but to Lydia it was just another grimy colliery village which she never liked very much and where she never felt either much at home or properly accepted. Her Kent accent doubtless made Midlands people feel that she put on airs.56. This passage is mainly about the introduction of（）. 57. Which of the following is NOT the reason for D. H. Lawrence’s family settling down in East wood? 58. Which of the following might be an image of D. H. Lawrence’s mother in other people’s mind? 59. The family had been on the move, because（）.60. Which of the following statement is NOT true?

Attacking an increasingly popular Internet business practice, a consumer watchdog group Monday filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, asserting that many online search engines are concealing the impact special fees have on search results by Internet users. Commercial Alert, a 3-year-old group founded by consumer activist Ralph Nader, asked the FTC to investigate whether eight of the Web’s largest search engines are violating federal laws against deceptive advertising.The group said that the search engines are abandoning objective formulas to determine the order of their listed results and selling the top spots to the highest bidders without making adequate disclosures to Web surfers. The complaint touches a hot-button issue affecting tens of millions of people who submit search queries each day. With more than 2 billion pages and more than 14 billion hyperlinks on the Web, search requests rank as the second most popular online activity after E-mail.The eight search engines named in Commercial Alert’s complaint are: MSN, owned by Microsoft; Netscape, owned by AOL Time Warner; Directhit, owned by Ask Jeeves; HotBot and Lycos, both owned by Terra Lycos; Altavista, owned by CMGI; LookSmart, owned by LookSmart; and iWon, owned by a privately held company operating under the same name. Portland, Ore.-based Commercial Alert could have named more search engines in its complaint, but focused on the biggest sites that are auctioning off spots in their results, said Gary Ruskin, the group’s executive director. “Search engines have become central in the quest for learning and knowledge in our society. The ability to skew (扭曲） the results in favor of hucksters (小贩）without telling consumers is a serious problem.” Ruskin said. By late Monday afternoon, three of the search engines had responded to The Associated Press inquiries about the complaint. Two, LookSmart and AltaVista, denied the charges. Microsoft spokesman Matt Pilla said MSN is delivering “compelling search results that people want.”The FTC had no comment about the complaint Monday. The complaint takes aim at the new business plans embraced by more search engines as they try to cash in on their pivotal(关键)role as Web guides and reverse a steady stream of losses. To boost revenue, search engines in the past year have been accepting payments from businesses interested in receiving a higher ranking in certain categories or ensuring that their sites are reviewed more frequently.51. The consumer group complained about（）. 52.（）is the most popular activity online. 53. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement? 54. All the following share one similarity EXCEPT（）. 55. The primary aim of some companies’ sponsoring the search engines is to（）.

Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury.Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength.Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity（湿度）, into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurricane will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes.46. The eye of the hurricane is（）.47. Which of the following statements is true? 48. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? 49. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that（）. 50. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one’s house from a hurricane?

Motorola Inc., the world’s second-largest mobile phone make, will begin selling all of the technology needed to build a basic mobile phone to outside manufacturers, in a key change of strategy. The inventor of the cell phone, which has been troubled by missteps compounded by a recent industry slump in sales, is trying to become a neutral provider of mobile technology to rivals, with an eye toward fostering a much larger market than it could create itself. The Chicago area-based company, considered to have the widest range of technologies needed to build a phone, said it planned to make available chips, a design layout for the computer board, software, development tools and testing tools. Motorola has previously supplied mobile phone manufacturers with a couple of its chips, but this is the first time the company will offer its entire line of chips as well as a detailed blueprint. Mobile phones contain a variety of chips and components to control power, sound and amplification. Analysts said they liked the new strategy but were cautious about whether Motorola’s mobile phone competitors would want to buy the technology from a rival.The company, long known for its top-notch（等级）engineering culture, is hoping to profit its mobile phone technology now that the basic technology to build a mobile phone has largely become a commodity. Motorola said it will begin offering the technology based on the next-generation GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) standard because most mobile phone makers already have technology in place for current digital phones. GPRS offers faster access to data through “always on” network connections, and customers are charged only for the information they retrieve, rather than the length of download.Burgess said the new business will not conflict with Motorola’s own mobile phone business because the latter will remain competitive by offering advanced features and designs. Motorola’s phones have been criticized as being too complicated and expensive to manufacture, but Burgess said Motorola will simplify the technology in the phones by a third. In addition to basic technology, Burgess said, Motorola would also offer additional features such as Bluetooth, a technology that allows wireless communications at a short distance, and Global Positioning System, which tracks the user’s whereabouts, and MP3 audio capability.41. The word “slump” in the first paragraph may be replaced by（）. 42. According to this passage, Motorola Inc.（）. 43. Analysts don’t think that（）. 44. The technology supplied by Motorola is based on（）. 45. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

The rear section of the brain does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.

The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.

The prodigal son spent his money extravagantly and soon after he left home he was reduced to a beggar.

At dusk, Mr. Hightower would sit in his old armchair in the backyard and wistfully lose in reminiscence of his youth romances.

Before the construction of the road, it was prohibitively expensive to transport any furs or fruits across the mountains.

While he was not dumber than an ox, he was not any smarter; so most of his classmates were lenient and helped him along.

Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing others and fighting each other.

The sales manager was so adamant about her idea that it was out of the question for anyone to talk her out of it.

The problem is that the loss of confidence among the soldiers can be highly contagious.

I didn’t know it then, but this disruptive way of reading started with the very first novel I ever picked up.

None of students in the class likes the mistress, who is used to being（）of everything they do.

His office is（）to the President’s; it usually takes him about three minutes to get there.

The appearance of the used car is（）, it’s much newer than it really is.

On behalf of my company, I am（）to you and your colleagues for your generous help.

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