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“Museum” is a slippery word. It first meant（in Greek）anything consecrated to the Muses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses’ shrine. Although the Greeks already collected detached works of art, many temples ― notably that of Hera at Olympia（before which the Olympic flame is still lit）— had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well-known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings（mostly Greek）for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration（though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae）and museum still more or less meant “Muses’ shrine”.The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries — which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs. Princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, which became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostrich eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems — often antique engraved ones — as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not “collected” either, “but site-specific”, and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them — and most of the buildings were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary, so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to emulation, and so could be considered Muses’ shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famous of such early “inspirational” collections. Soon they multiplied, and gradually, exemplary “modern” works were also added to such galleries.In the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth: London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Nalurhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship（and of public taste with it）inspired the creation of “improving” collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.1.The sentence "'Museum' is a slippery word" in the first paragraph means that（）.2.The idea that Museum could mean a mountain or all objects originates from（）.3."...the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined" in the third paragraph means that（）.4.Painting and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were（）.5.Which is the main idea of the passage?

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic（官僚主义的）management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow—competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities ― those of all love and of reason ― are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to deliver the idea that man is（）.2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that（）.3.From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those（）.4.To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should（）.5.The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（）.

The individual mobility, convenience, and status given by the private passenger car offer a seemingly unbeatable attraction.In 1987, a record 126,000 cars rolled off assembly lines each working day, and close to 400 million vehicles choke up the world’s streets today.But the car's usefulness to the individual stands in sharp contrast to the costs and burdens that society must shoulder to provide an automobile-centered transportation system.Since the days of Henry Ford, societies have made a steady stream of laws to protect drivers from each other and themselves, as well as to protect the general public from the unintended effects of massive automobile use.Law makers have struggled over the competing goals of unlimited mobility and the individual’s fight to be free of the noise, pollution, and physical dangers that the automobile often brings.Prior to the seventies, the auto’s usefulness and assured role in society were hardly questioned.Even worries about uprising gas prices and future fuel availability subsided （减退）in the eighties almost as quickly as they had emerged.Car sales recovered, driving is up, and wealthy customers are once more shopping for high performance cars.The motor vehicle industry's apparent success in dealing with the challenges of the seventies has obscured the harmful long-term trends of automobile centered transportation.Rising gasoline consumption will before long put increased pressure on oil production capacities.In addition, as more and more people can afford their own cars and as mass motorization takes hold, traffic jam becomes a tough problem.And motor vehicles are important contributors to urban air pollution, acid rain, and global warming.Society's interest in fuel supply security, the integrity of its cities, and protection of the environment calls for a fundamental rethinking of the automobile’s role.Stricter fuel economy and pollution standards are the most obvious and immediate measures that can be adopted.But they can only be part of the answer.In the years ahead, the challenge will be to develop innovative（革新的）transportation policies.1.Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?2.The phrase "rolled off assembly lines" （Para.I, Lines 2） means（）.3.The passage states that there is（）.4.It is implied that the auto's assured role in society is（）.5.Stricter fuel economy and pollution standards are（）.

Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Aesthetic thought of a distinctively modern art emerged during the 18th century.The western philosophers and critics of this time devoted much attention to such matters（1） natural beauty, the sublime, and representation — a trend reflecting the central position they had given to the philosophy of nature.（2）that time, however, the philosophy of art has become ever more prominent and has begun to（3）the philosophy of nature.Various issues central to the philosophy of art have had a（4）impact（5）the orientation of 20th-century aesthetics.（6）among these are problems relating to the theory of art as form and（7）distinction between representation and expression.Still another far-reaching question has to do with the value of art.Two opposing theoretical positions（8）on this issue: one holds that art and its appreciation are a means to some recognized moral good,（9）the other maintains that art is intrinsically valuable and is an end in itself.Underlying this whole issue is the concept of taste, one of the basic concerns of aesthetics.In recent years there has also been an increasing preoccupation with art as the prime object of critical judgment.Corresponding to the trend in contemporary aesthetic thought,（10）have followed either of two approaches.In one, criticism is restricted to the analysis and interpretation of the work of art.（11）it is devoted to the articulating the response to the aesthetic object and to（12）a particular way of perceiving it.Over the years, aesthetics has developed into a broad field of knowledge and inquiry.The concerns of contemporary aesthetics include such（13）problems as the nature of style and its aesthetic significance; the relation of aesthetic judgment to culture; the viability of a history of art; the（14）of Freudian psychology and other forms of psychological study to criticism; and the place of aesthetic judgment in practical（15）in the conduct of everyday affairs.

We’ll visit Europe next year（）we have enough money.

To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must（）the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.

It is reported that fewer and fewer of today’s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field,（）the same company.

In order to（）the rising production costs, the subscription rates have been increased.

Neither of them thought highly of him and they both tried to（）him in his work.

Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on（）.

The manager promised to keep me（）of how our business was going on.

The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the（）.

No one can function if they are（）of adequate sleep.

This ticket（）you to a free meal in our new restaurant.

Directions: With the development of the increased internet communication, online shopping has been an indispensable part in the modern life today. Will Online Shopping Replace Traditional Shopping? Write an essay of approximately 200 words to support your view.Please give specific and reasonable argument to make your writing convincing.

A．Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.(15 points)It is simple enough to say that since books have classes—fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us.Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning.Do not dictate to your author; Try to become him.Be his fellow-worker and accomplice.If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.

Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and “apricot leather”.All foods including water—cabbage and other leaf vegetables contains as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish, anything from 80% to 60%, depending on how fatty it is.If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia.The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun.In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying.Plums, for making prunes and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so as to Increase the rate of drying.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically.The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110°C at entry to about 43 °C at exit.This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes.In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes.In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder.Where recognizable places of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions.For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space.They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.1.The open-air method of drying food（）.2.Bacteria which cause food to go bad（）.3.Nowadays vegetables are most commonly dried（）.4.Dried foods（）.5.Housewives like dried foods because they（）.

California is a land of variety and contrast.Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fields and tropical jungles can be found within its borders.Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another.People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles.In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance.Contrast abounds in California.The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles.The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles.California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes.It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Salton Sea, 236 feet below sea level.Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are dried up lake beds.In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined.1. Which of the following is the lowest point in the United States?2. Where is the highest point in the United States located?3.How far away is Death Valley from Mount Whitney?4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a radius of about 100 miles of Bakersfield?5.Which statement best demonstrates that California is a land of variety and contrast?

Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called footwear for yuppies.They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under 18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics or running.The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the up market retailing network that helped push sales to 1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers.Rebook shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity.At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had.These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors.At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes.Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.1. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don't like their shoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that（）.2.Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para.2) implies that（）.3.Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because（）.4.Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it（）.5.What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?

In 1914, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Eastern Europe（）Europe into a great war.

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