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The reception was attended by（）members of the local community.

Directions: Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views. 200 words are necessary for an effective writing."No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking."

A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.In the modern era, there will be much to celebrate because our civilization has achieved breath-taking advances in virtually every field of human endeavour. And yet, these quantum leaps in human progress coexist with a darker side to our civilization such as armed conflict, which might destroy entire communities in the quest for ethnicity, religion or race. In the context of armed conflict, children are the real victims. Many were killed, permanently disabled, displaced or orphaned. Worse than that, some of them are currently under arms as killing machines. Hence, the Security Council should set out its goal: advocating for children who are victimized or made especially vulnerable, as well as mobilizing for concrete action to ensure their rights, protection and welfare.

Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginning of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it.But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lead, but it wasn't easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions don't agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They don't always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. It's as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: "The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained."Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label "the La Brea Tar Pits" of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.1.Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their（）.2.According to the writer, people's opinions of leadership are on the whole quite（）.3.The writer thinks that（）.4."The La Brea Tar Pits" probably signifies things that（）.5.This passage is mainly concerned with（）.

When you leave a job with a traditional pension, don’t assume you’ve lost the chance to collect it. You’re entitled to whatever benefit you’ve earned — and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they’re 65, they’ll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it’s less than $5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at 8% interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $5,000, or your company doesn’t offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you’re eligible for at the plan’s normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You’ll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you’re realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan’s normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you’d get a pension 90 percent of the full amount.But that’s not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around 5% a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85% of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you’re 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you’ll have only about half of what you would’ve had if you’d kept working until 65.1. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension（）.2. If the retiree's pension is less than $5,000, it is wise of him to（）.3. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected to（）.4. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?5. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A healthy trading system requires that countries be both eager exporters and importers. If nations don’t spend what they earn abroad—or if weak economies make them weak importers—then the trading system will collapse. That is today’s problem.Where will future trade expansion come from? Europe seems a doubtful candidate. With feeble economic growth, it won’t buy a lot more exports. Latin America is in a similar position. Many big countries（Argentina, Brazil）are so burdened by debt that their growth is hobbled, and they strive for export surpluses—earning precious dollars—to repay their international loans. As for Africa, it’s so poor that it hardly matters in global trade.Well, what about Asia? It ought to save the global trading system, but it may do just the opposite. These countries are ferocious exporters; they seem to strive for permanent trade surpluses and hoard their excess export earnings. Consider what’s happened to their foreign exchange reserves. Since 1996, the foreign exchange reserves of some major Asian countries have jumped from about $500 billion to more than $1.3 trillion. These funds are typically left in safe investments, such as U.S. Treasury securities. A lot of attention has focused on China, but the problem is larger than China alone.As a result, the trading system lacks circularity. The justification for free trade is that everyone ultimately benefits. Countries do what they do best. Poor countries sell inexpensive labor-intensive goods to wealthy countries and buy sophisticated knowledge-intensive goods. Living standards in all countries rise. Some workers and industries may temporarily lose, but most consumers benefit and most workers are ultimately re-employed in trade-competitive industries. Trade doesn’t permanently destroy jobs; spending is circular.If too many countries hoard, the logic of free trade collapses. Trade can become an economic depressant and job destroyer. Too many sellers chase too few buyers. Countries compete for bigger shares of stagnant markets and try to shift unemployment abroad. A great, if silent, struggle has begun. For decades, expanding trade promoted global progress. It reduced poverty and spread prosperity. But if the trading system can’t solve its basic problem-over-reliance on the US market—it could foster political division and economic vulnerability for all. Trading patterns must become more balanced and sustainable.1.Some big Latin America countries are（）.2.Which of the following statements about certain regional economy is TRUE?3.According to the author, the free trade system will collapse when（）.4.The author strongly advocates that a sustainable free trade system（）.5.The last paragraph mainly deals with（）.

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonaparte’s gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying up as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulfs, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.On the other hand, nesting on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly discuss?2. The word “immunity” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（）.3. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes' eggs?4. The author mentions that eggshells litter the nests of kittiwakes in order to（）.5. According to the passage, it can be inferred that which of the following birds conceal their nest?

This transformation is marked by several developments. Almost all the major armed conflicts in the world today are internal, there are unfolding within （1） boundaries and typically are being fought by multiple semi-autonomous armed groups. These conflicts are（2） by a particular brand of lawlessness, cruelty and chaos. In particular, they are defined by the systematic and widespread targeting of civilian （3）.（4） these situations, warring parties routinelyignore international humanitarian law, which has traditionally moderated, if not governed, the conduct of inter-state （5）.These conflicts tend to be protracted, lasting （6） if not decades, often in recurring （7）, thus exposing successive genera（8） soldiers. Another feature of these conflicts is the proliferation of light-weight （9） that are easily assembled and borne by children. Moreover the （10） use of anti-personnel landmines has exacerbated the vulnerability of children in these situations.

Illnesses（）to workers in a particular occupation are known as occupational diseases.

If a person fails to conform to conventional behavior, he is likely to be by others.

This（）to the study of diseases is technically referred to as epidemiological.

For some crimes, and under certain conditions, a police officer must obtain a court order called（）before making an arrest.

People buy insurance in order to（）a small, certain, tolerable loss for a large, uncertain,catastrophic one.

This was the（）when anti-globalization protesters took to the streets during the WorldEconomic Forum at Davos in January.

Despite his disappointing record this year, I（）feel he is the best man in our team.

There was only a small（）in the city's population over the last ten years.

It was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair; it had been（）professionally.

We had no way to measure the exact distance we had traveled, but we thought it was（）five miles.

Directions: With the increasing development of Internet, electronic commerce (e-commerce) is becoming more and more popular, and people’s online shopping enthusiasm will be further expanded.Present your view about the problems and counter-measures of online shopping.Write an essay of approximately 200 words to support your view.Please give specific and reasonable argument to make your writing convincing.

A.Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.Recently bad air pollution in Beijing has led to a flood of strong criticism from the country's state-run media.Government officials were ordered to reduce vehicle use over the weekend, according to the state-run Xinhua news agency, which also covered the pollution story extensively.Environmental protection authorities published daily air-quality measurements, but those didn't take into account the smaller pollution particles, known as PM2.5, that public health experts say are the most damaging to human health.People's Daily, meanwhile, ran a front-page editorial under the headline "A Beautiful China Starts with Healthy Breathing" on Monday. "The vast, unmoving haze has obscured our vision, but it has made the urgency of pollution control clearer to us," the editorial said, noting the challenges to China’s environment from rapid ongoing industrialization and urbanization.Post-crisis emergency measures, it continued, "cannot replace systematic, scientific, efficient and powerful management of the problem at its source".

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