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Most people are unaware of the fact that a new ailment has developed among subway users. Called “subway syndrome”, it causes people to turn pale and cold and even to faint. Commuters misdiagnose the symptoms—acute chest pains and nausea—and rush to hospital emergency rooms in the belief that they are about to succumb to a heart attack. Hearing that their heart attack is only a case of nerves makes them feel better.What makes people get sick on subways? Various and sundry things. One is that they rush off to work in the morning without having eaten a proper breakfast. Sudden dizziness attacks them. A second cause is the overcrowding and ensuing feeling claustrophobia, which brings on stress and anxiety. In addition, they are so afraid of mechanical failure, fire and/or crime that they show signs of panic—men by having chest pains and women by becoming hysterical. Contributing especially to their stress are other factors: overcrowding of both sexes, continual increase in the numbers of passengers, and people’s inability to avoid interacting with strangers.Noise, lack of space, summer heat, fear of entrapment underground—it is a wonder that more people don’t have subway syndrome. What therapeutic measures can a commuter take to inoculate himself or herself from the disease? Eat a good breakfast, concentrate on pleasant thoughts as you stand surrounded, bounce a bit on your toes, and roll your head. Thus, mind and body will be restored to a semblance of normality despite the adverse conditions of subway transportation.1. Why do subway riders think they might be having a heart attack?2. Presumably the word “commuter” refers to .3. According to the passage, if you don’t have a good breakfast, you might get .4. The word “semblance” must be related to the word .5. A good title for this passage might be .

The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently. Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea. As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. According to the passage, most of the world’s fresh water is to be found in .3. Icebergs are formed when .4. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?5. It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs __.

The announcement that England’s mad cow disease was involved in a case of a fatal human brain disorder has been met with understandable hysteria. The market for British beef collapsed, 1,000,000 famers’ jobs are in jeopardy, and the government is trying to defuse a crisis that could cause billions of dollars in losses.But what is striking about the situation is how sharply the decisive public reaction to the crisis contrasts with the cautious language in the announcement. Scientists said consumption of contaminated beef was “the most likely explanation” for 10 cases of a similar human illness called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—nothing more definite than that.The crisis is a telling example of a phenomenon occurring ever more frequently: A complex scientific debate is suddenly thrust upon an anxious public that is ill-equipped to understand it. Instant communications, combined with the greater willingness of government and industry leaders to go public with their scientific disputes, trigger concern. The core of real science gets overwhelmed by a flurry of “junk science”—conflicting statements by politicians, confusing press reports, legal depositions, even dueling ads.The real problem is the nature of scientific inquiry, which inevitably involves uncertainty. Researchers cannot say conclusively whether mad cow disease poses a risk to humans. They don’t know the extent of the epidemic or how it can be stopped. Indeed, they can’t even agree on the cause. “This is tremendously difficult for the public to sort out. If scientists are disagreeing, what is the citizen to presume?” asks Paul Slovic, an American psychologist at Decision Research in Eugene.One lesson to be drawn from the mad cow crisis is that government should not cut funding for basic research, which can prevent tomorrow’s crisis. But the only real solution is for government and industry leaders to use scientific information responsibly. Unresolved scientific disputes have become a fact of modern life. Nothing else so clearly illustrates science’s limits.1. The announcement indicating the connection between the mad cow disease and the fatal brain disorder has brought about .2. We can infer from the article that Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease .3. The public reaction to the crisis could be best defined as .4. To the author, the way in which the public reacted to the announcement is .5. In the author’s opinion, which of the following should NOT be held responsible for the crisis?

There are two common explanations for the origin of tipping. The Oxford English Dictionary says tip was seventeenth-century underworld slang for “give”—as in “Tip me your wallet or your life”. Opponents of tipping will probably prefer this explanation, since it suggests the practice was originally a form of theft. A less reputable, but nonetheless charming, explanation is that in Renaissance coffee-houses, boxes were set near the door, into which customers could drop gratuities; these boxes, according to the story, bore the legend “To Insure Promptitude,” Which was ultimately shortened to TIP. Whether it was an enterprising serving woman or a boss with his eye on depressing wages who first thought up the idea, the story does not say.Tipping became common in England by the middle of the eighteenth century. Because it is not suited to a country without an established servant class, it did not catch on in America until after the Civil War, when former slaveholders suddenly found themselves having to pay the help and when new-rich Northern industrialists adopted the European fashion as part of conspicuous display. By the turn of the century, we had made the custom our won, and the stereotypical American “big tipper” was on his way.Today, although the lines between protection money, bribery, and thanks for services rendered remain as fuzzy as ever, tipping has become universal, not least because, in an increasingly uncertain economy, it provides the growing service class with income that is at least as reliable as wages and that is less subject to tax review. Not surprisingly, government officials are among the few die-hards who still question the tipping system. They have a point too. Tippers International estimates that U.S. workers rake in about $5 billion a year in tips. The taxes on that amount, if all of it were reported, could make the down payment on a hammer for the Pentagon.1. In the seventeenth-century, tip was probably a word used by .2. Tipping did not become popular in U.S. until after the Civil War because .3. Tipping is universally accepted mainly because .4. Which of the following words can be best describe the government officials’ attitude towards the tipping system?5. The passage is about .

Post-holiday blood shortages are nothing new to hospitals. But last week, physician James Devitt at Miami Valley Hospital saw disaster looming. For the first time ever, he called surgeons at home and urged them to postpone all nonemergency surgeries requiring large amounts of blood. By the time he was done dialing, Devitt had persuaded surgeons to reschedule at least 14 operations. Not that he was pleased by the delays. “If we don’t get some of these surgeries done soon,” Devitt says, “they could become emergencies.”Miami Valley wasn’t alone. Confronting a national blood shortage, physicians in Atlanta, Pittsburgh, New York, Baltimore, and Washington moved to postpone nonemergency surgeries. “We’ve never seen cancellations of surgeries like this,” says Melissa Macmillan, spokesperson for America’s Blood Centers (ABC). “It’s absolutely the last resort.”The blood shortage was so grim that about half of all U.S. blood banks carried less than a one-day supply. Normally, they stockpile three days’ worth. Suppliers need the extra red cells on hand for emergencies like car accidents—one trauma patient can quickly wipe out a hospital’s entire blood supply.This month’s crippling blood drought is worse than usual because winter storms forced cancellations of blood drives in the Midwest, considered America’s “blood basket”. Blood providers like ABC and the Red Cross count on that region to supply the rest of the country during normal shortages. But last week, icy roads kept donors away from blood banks, while school and workplace closings forced blood-drive organizations to cancel events.Blood industry experts say the long-term outlook is ominous. Hospitals need more blood to treat an aging population, and donations aren’t keeping pace. Only 5% of those eligible donate, and even fewer people plan to give this year, according to a recent Harris Poll. The ranks of the most loyal donors, the World War II generation, are thinning. For the most part, baby boomers say they are too busy, and young people are apathetic.1. The quotation of Devitt’s remarks in Paragraph 1 serves to .2. What is the subject of Paragraph 2?3. What is said about the Mid-west?4. “Baby boomers” (in Paragraph 5) most probably refer to .5. Which of the following best describes the tone of the author?

What could have ______ you to do such a ridiculous thing?

In some cases, a sentence may be grammatically acceptable, but ______ in implication.

More legislation is needed to protect the ______ property rights of the patent.

To give top ______ to health is to prolong your life and enjoy your life.

The Minister of Treasury delivered a speech concerning the revenue and ______ of the country in this fiscal year.

While its definition varies greatly, countless writers claim ______ to be crucial to learning of all kinds.

Anxiety was shown to increase ______ with the decrease in success rates.

Several researchers have attempted to ______ two kinds of motivation, extrinsic and intrinsic.

The open-minded people tend to view most issues from a liberal ______.

Governments of many countries appreciate the Chinese ______ to hold Renminbi steady despite the financial crisis.

One of the problems the local authorities have to deal with is the ______ of plastic containers.

All visitors to this gallery are requested to ______ with the regulations.

His strange behavior greatly ______ me and my friends as well that evening.

He gradually ______ that her parents had been right and his decision had to be modified.

The meeting was ______ over by the mayor to discuss the tax raise in the city.

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