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With more Chinese children coming to study in Singapore, a unique community of women known as “pei du ma ma”, which, loosely translated means “study mamas” has emerged here. They are there to keep their children company. Singaporeans have responded ___1___ their presence with mixed reactions. What is more important is what their experiences say about the education industry here. Singapore no doubt presents unique advantages as a choice for Chinese students who are ___2___ to study overseas. It is a Garden City which has an efficient judicial system and an orderly society. It has a bilingual policy and Chinese are the majority. Life there is easy to get ___3___ to and, what’s more, their mothers are allowed to come here to be with them. Most Chinese students who wish to come to Singapore ___4___ to recruitment agencies in China to make the arrangements. For sure, the agencies will inevitably make all kinds of promises to attract the students’ attention. They claim they would find the right school for the kids and that it would be ___5___ too for the mothers to find jobs here. Not only would they earn enough to pay for school fees of their children, but they would probably also be able to ___6___ their own living expenses. Once they arrive in Singapore, the “study mamas, quickly find out that life is not a bed of roses. When the agencies fail to keep the ___7___ they have to face the reality. For most of the time, they end up cooking for the schools themselves, not to mention having to pay additional fees. In addition, it is difficult for them to find jobs due to the government’s strict work permit policy. They soon run out of money and find themselves in a dilemma—they have neither the means to return to China ___8___ the funds to continue living here. As a result, some “study mamas” are driven by circumstances to become masseuses. People began to look down ___9___ the entire “study mamas” community, making life worse for these women. Personally, I think the root cause ___10___ in the agencies which provide misleading information.

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Dating and establishing a relationship can be hard work, so a lot of people want to go where they are sure they can meet people with similar interests. They might look for someone who shares a common interest in religion or books, for example. A lot of bookstores in America now have places that serve coffee and food. Many offer special programs and social activities for singles.Some Americans use dating services, which help people choose a person they might like. A company called Brief Encounters organizes activities that provide very quick introductions for small groups of people. Men and women meet and get only three to six minutes to introduce themselves. Two people sit across from each other at a table, and they talk until a bell rings. Then everyone meets a new person. People write their reactions on paper. They write the names of the people they liked best. Then they give these notes to an employee of Brief Encounters. Within 48 hours, the people who took part receive the names and telephone numbers of the people who liked them. Some people do not like making hurried choices, saying nobody can make an intelligent choice under those conditions, but others praise this method because it is a way to avoid long hours with someone who is not very interesting.Some cities in America have restaurants where people hope to find more than just good food. A place called Drip opened in New York City in 1996. It started with the idea of having people write down answers to a series of questions about themselves. Other people then read the answers. If someone likes what they read, an employee sets up a date.A business called match.com provides dating services on the Internet. Members can get lists of people around their age who live nearby. Some people identify themselves and even include pictures. The goal is for people to get to know each other through emails. Then, they can decide to meet and date. The business of inatch.com began in 1995. It says many of its members have married or formed close relationships.1. What is the passage mainly talking about?2. What do many bookstores in America offer singles?3. What can we know about Brief Encounters?4. In a restaurant that offers dating services, who will help set up a date?5. What do we know about inatch.com?

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Large animals that live in the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the sun’s rays. Desert mammals (哺乳动物) also depart from the normal practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the consumption of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperature to rise to what would normally be fever height. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.Another strategy of the large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish (补充) this water loss as one drink. Desert animals can drink enormous volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to drink over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated (脱水的) person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution (稀释) of the body fluids causes death from water poisoning. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. When is the internal temperature of a large desert mammal the lowest?3. What causes water poisoning?4. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?5. Why does the author mention human in the second paragraph?

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As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well”. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body’s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well” in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. “Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.1. Today medical care is placing more stress on __________.2. In the first paragraph, people are reminded that __________.3. Traditionally, a person is considered “well” if he __________.4. According to the author, the true meaning of “wellness” is for people __________.5. According to what the author advocates, which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy?

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Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but—regardless of whether it is or isn’t—we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth”, as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and—without major technological breakthroughs—we can’t do much about it.From 2003 to 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. But that’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re “doing something” considering the Kyoto Protoco (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions(up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helpless.1. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph?2. According to the author’s understanding, what is Al Gore’s view on global warming?3. Greenhouse emissions will increase more than double by 2050 because of __________.4. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, __________.5. What is the message the author intends to convey?

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While it is true that fathers are responsible for disciplining their sons, as a rule they should try to play more of a nurturing role when it comes to the day-to-day routine. If you rule with a fear-provoking iron fist, then your relationship will become strained at best. It usually works better to focus on the principles the sons should abide by than to harp on a laundry list of “don’t”.Simply put, a father needs to be there for his son. This extends beyond major events, such as graduations, birthdays, holidays and sporting events. It is also an everyday thing that includes spending time with him on a regular basis. More often than not, a father’s advice is usually both valued and respected, and it is vital that a dad is there to dole out his guidance.Both the father and the son need to embrace forgiveness since no one is perfect. A dad that forgives and gives the benefit of the doubt can make his son want to please him more. On the flip side, sons need to realize that their fathers are humans who make mistakes, and that they want what’s best for them, regardless of any shortcomings.Sons sometimes have a tendency to withdraw as both they and their fathers get older. The thinking is usually something to the effect that Dad wouldn’t understand. This can be frustrating to the father since he would love to reach out to his son, but the more he tries, the less he succeeds. Sons should remember that their fathers were their age once.1. In the sentence “they should try to play more of a nurturing role”, “nurturing” means __________.2. It is recommended in the first paragraph that a father should __________.3. It is mentioned in the second paragraph that __________.4. It is mentioned in the third paragraph that __________.5. It is recommended in the fourth paragraph that __________.

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