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We can begin our discussion of “population as a global issue” with what most person mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite right to employ a similar matter that linked demographic (人口统计学) growth to “a long, thin power fuse that burns steadily from time to time until it finally reaches the limit, and explodes”.To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history. We find that population have been really stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, where infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birth rates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to know. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high rate of death.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growth which extended from about 8000 B.C. till approximately 1650 A.D. And a period of rapid growth since 1650. In the first period of some 9,600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be 8 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000 B.C. and 1650, an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the world’s population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1. According to the passage, “population as a global issue” .2. It can be inferred from the example of a power fuse that .3. What leads to a stable growth of population for most of human history?4. The reason for a rapid growth of population lies in the fact that __.5. How many people are born every six hours at present, according to the author?

Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century. （1） in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was （2） on both sides with many （3） businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, and groceries. （4）, some shops offer （5）. These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. （6） in the 1950s, a change began to （7）. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street （8）_ too few parking places were （9） shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces （10） the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers needed. And open space is what they got （11） the first shopping center was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, （12） as a collection of small new stores （13） crowded city centres. （14） by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from （15） areas to outlying malls. And the growing （16） of shopping centres led （17） to the building of bigger and better stocked stores. （18） the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the （19） of one stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, （20） benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.

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