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People of diverse backgrounds now fly to distant places for pleasure, business or education.

Adverse circumstances compelled him to close his business.

They are bound to fail if they continue at the risk of all these dangers.

He was a zealous supporter of our plan and cleaned up the hall for the Christmas party.

When faced with doubts from some advisers on the attempted invasion, the president ignored them.

The psychologist cited several instances of insubordinate behavior.

They arrived at some political agreements that facilitated troop withdrawals.

Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.一九七八年，我们党召开具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了改革开放历史新时期。从那时以来，中国共产党人和中国人民以一往无前的进取精神和波澜壮阔的创新实践，谱写了中华民族自强不息、顽强奋进新的壮丽史诗，中国人民的面貌、社会主义中国的面貌、中国共产党的面貌发生了历史性变化。改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命，目的就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，让中国人民富裕起来，振兴伟大的中华民族。

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Standing in the right spot in this gigantic city and hills draped with apartment complexes can remind you of Hong Kong, the density of habitation will recall Tokyo and the river-spanning brawn, replete with an immense new structure over the Yangtze that echoes the Brooklyn Bridge, might recall New York.Everywhere one looks here, there are new expressways, new bridges and towering new housing complexes rising, so many in fact that it is the occasional glimpse of something old, rather than the sight of anything new, that takes one’s breath away.China has built megacities before, of course. The country’s rich east abounds with them, strung along the coast from Tianjin in the north to Shenzhen in the far south like so many pearls. But the swift rise of Chongqing represents a new departure: a major push by Beijing to spread the fruits of China’s economic boom to the country’s vast interior, home to three Chinese in four.One after another, the big cities of the interior have eagerly entered the race to urbanize, with many openly brandishing the objective of becoming a “world city” within a few years. But whether judged by its size, its ambition or the scale of transformation, Chongqing, with its 12 million people, remains in a class by itself.

Presidents come and go, but for more than half a century, the queen has always been the queen. So it was perhaps no surprise that Washington went a little gaga Monday, as Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, began an official two-day visit to the capital.Across the Atlantic, Helen Mirren, who won an Academy Award for her portrayal of Elizabeth in “The Queen,” shocked the British conscience over the weekend by turning down an invitation to dine at Buckingham Palace. But on the other side of the Atlantic, the queen was making Americans go weak in the knees.The White House was decorated to perfection for an exclusive white-tie dinner on Monday evening, with President George W. Bush and the first lady, Laura Bush, playing host to the royal couple and 130 other A-list guests. But the morning was reserved for the masses—or, at least, the masses with the kind of connections that warrant an invitation to the formal arrival ceremony on the South Lawn.It was a day for pomp and circumstance—a military color guard, a fife and drum band in white wigs, red jackets and tri-cornered hats—punctuated by a presidential slip of the tongue that lightened the moment during Mr. Bush’s welcoming remarks. Mr. Bush reminded the 81-year-old queen that she had already dined with 10 American presidents.“You helped our nation celebrate its bicentennial in 17—” he went on, stopping to correct himself before 1776 could slip out. The crowd erupted in laughter, and the president and the queen turned to each other for a long, silent gaze. Then, Mr. Bush turned back to the crowd with an explanation. “She gave me a look,” he said, “that only a mother could give a child.”Mr. Bush had been the recipient of such a look once before in the queen’s presence—from his own mother, back in 1991, when the first President and Mrs. Bush played host to their own state dinner for the queen. By several different accounts, including Mr. Bush’s own, Barbara Bush told the queen that she had seated her son far away from Her Majesty, for fear he might make a wisecrack.Then, to his mother’s horror, he did, telling the queen that he was his family’s blacksheep and asking, “Who’s yours?” The queen, apparently not amused, replied tartly, “None of your business.”If the queen was not amused on Monday, she did not show it. “I’m sure she accepted it for what it was—a slip of the tongue,” said her press secretary, Penny Russell-Smith.1. It may be inferred from the passage that .2. Helen Mirren shocked the British conscience because she .3. What happened at Mr. Bush’s welcoming remarks?4. We may infer from the context that the bicentennial of American nation celebration is held in .5. We may infer from the context that “blacksheep” (Line 1, Para.7) probably means .

Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition in English based on the following statement. (You may agree or disagree with the statement.)To truly understand your own culture requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET with no less than 200 words.

没有一流的人文教育，我们就不可能有世界一流大学。要建好文科院系，也要抓好对全体学生的人文教育。不同学科要各按步伐，按各自的内在规律发展。“科学求真，人文求善，艺术求美”，达到真善美在学科层面的统一。我们是用世界上最少的钱，办了最大的教育。我一直坚信，到本世纪中叶，中国一定能够成为世界一流的教育大国！学校和教师的责任是真正发挥所有学生的潜能，使学生成长为既有宽厚基础、又有广阔视野，既有活生生的个性、又能团结他人、能够引领中国未来发展的精英人才。

An unremarked consequence of our new information age—one that will influence readers, writers, and publishers in the future—is that bad writing, chat speak, text, millions of message board posts that come from and lead nowhere, are having a cheapening effect on all written content. Editors and news directors today fret about the Internet as their predecessors worried about radio and TV, and all now see the huge threat the Web represents to the way they distribute their product.The idea that the practice and craft of writing can simply retool itself for the digital age overlooks the fact that the Web is giving rise to totally unique forms of expression, a writing that is different from the kind traditionally found in books.For lovers of literary writing, who are now watching the marketplace and Internet erode the remains of nineteenth-century print culture, these assurances may not be particularly consoling. We have no choice but to accept them. Arguing against the forces of digitalization is as much a losing battle as cursing the coming of the evening tide.But before we invest ourselves too deeply in this future, consider this: If new technologies expose the biases inherent in print and text, so the converse is true as well. Coding skills are highly marketable in the twenty-first century. We, as a civilization, are duty-bound to encourage technological know-how.However, before we make the mistake of convincing ourselves that a knack for writing software is more valuable than the ability to simply write well, we might consider looking anew at the souvenir that is the book. One day, computer programs—these objects of our fascination and frustration—will learn to write themselves. And we’ll be left with our ideas, however grand or shallow.

The right to pursue happiness is promised to Americans by the US Constitution, but no one seems quite sure which way happiness ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift conceived of happiness as “the state of being well-deceived,” or of being “a fool among idiots,” for Swift saw society as a land of false goals.It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of false goals. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.And at the same time the forces of American business are hugely dedicated to making us deliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them—and to create them faster than anyone’s budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is based on addicting us to greed. We are even told it is our patriotic duty to support the national economy by buying things.Look at any of the magazines that cater to women. There advertising begins as art and slogans in the front pages and ends as pills and therapy in the back pages. The art at the front illustrates the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. This, the perfumed breath she must breathe out. This, the sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever. This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to display that perfect figure. This is the cream that restores skin, these are the tablets that melt away fat around the thighs, and these are the pills of perpetual youth.Obviously no reasonable person can be completely persuaded either by such art or by such pills and devices. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy this dream and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers, but what is it they are trying to buy?Defining the meaning of “happiness” is a perplexing proposition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work towards the middle. To think of happiness as achieving superiority over others, living in a mansion made of marble, having a wardrobe with hundreds of outfits, will do to set the greedy extreme.1. From the first two paragraphs of the passage we may infer that .2. In “advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them” (Line 3, Para.3), “them” refers to .3. In the author’s view, buying things is regarded as .4. It is implied by the author that the magazines are .5. The best title for the passage maybe .

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could used to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands advertising that no morning is complete without a minty-fresh mouth.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers—which are effective even if applied at high noon—are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. But for activists like Dr. Curtis, this emerging research offers a type of salvation.1. According to the author, consumers’ good habits in the past were developed by .2. Judging from the context, the word “killers” (Line 1, Para.2) most probably refers to .3. Judging from the context, Colgate and Crest are most probably .4. Bottled water, chewing gum, and skin moisturizers are used in paragraph 5 as examples to indicate .5. Which of the following groups has unfavorable opinion on advertising?

Nobody would expect a city water system designed for 1 m residents to be able to handle a 1,000-fold increase in population in just a few years. Yet that is what the internet’s fundamental addressing scheme has had to accommodate. When the network was first established there were only a handful of computer centres in America. Instead of choosing a numbering system that could support a few thousand or million addresses, the internet’s designers foresightedly opted for one that could handle 4 billion. But now even that is not enough.The addressing system, called internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), cannot keep up with the flood of computers, mobile phones, hand-held gadgets, games consoles and even cars and refrigerators flooding onto the network. Nearly 85% of available addresses are already in use; if this trend continues they will run out by 2011, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, a think-tank for rich countries, warned in May.The shortage is not the only problem; so too is growing complexity. IPv4 addresses are allocated in blocks to network operators. The path to reach each network is published on a global list that is constantly updated. Big computers, called routers, use these entries to guide the flow of traffic across the internet. But as more devices and networks link to the internet, it becomes necessary to subdivide the address blocks into ever-smaller units. This risks overtaxing the millions of routers that handle the internet’s traffic, which must be regularly upgraded to keep up. Were there no alternative to IPv4, parts of the internet would eventually suffer from sporadic outages.Fortunately a new system does exist, called internet protocol version 6, which provides 3.4x1038 addresses. This means IPv6 addresses can be allocated to network operators and companies in much larger quantities. It also provides a clean slate for establishing new paths over the internet, reducing complexity. But switching means upgrading millions of devices.In fact, support for IPv6 is already widely available in software and hardware, but it has not been used much. Only a few research institutions and the American government took the IPv6 plunge early on. (In America all federal agencies must be capable of using IPv6 by June 30th 2008, by executive order.)But in recent months the pace of change has picked up. In February Mr. Vixie, a network engineer, flipped a switch that means domain names can now map onto IPv6 addresses. This may herald more widespread adoption of the new protocol, since it means that any organisation can use IPv6 addresses with its domain names, and users can access them without special rigging.1. From the first paragraph we may infer that the design of the internet’s fundamental addressing scheme is .2. According to the author, the addressing system IPv4 .3. The potential problem with internet protocol version 4 today is that .4. It is implied that IPv6 addresses .5. Which of the following may serve as the best title of the passage?

In an environmentally conscious tweak on the typical way of getting food to the table, growing numbers of people are skipping out on grocery stores and even farmers markets and instead going right to the source by buying shares of farms.On one of the farms, here about 35 miles west of Chicago, Steve Trisko was weeding beets the other day and cutting back a shade tree so baby tomatoes could get sunlight. Mr. Trisko is a retired computer consultant who owns shares in the four-acre Erehwon Farm.“We decided that it’s in our interest to have a small farm succeed, and have them be able to have a sustainable farm producing good food,” Mr. Trisko said.Part of a loose but growing network mostly mobilized on the Internet, Erehwon is participating in what is known as community-supported agriculture. About 150 people have bought shares in Erehwon—in essence, hiring personal farmers and turning the old notion of sharecropping on its head.The concept was imported from Europe and Asia in the 1980s as an alternative marketing and financing arrangement to help combat the often prohibitive costs of small-scale farming. But until recently, it was slow to take root. There were fewer than 100 such farms in the early 1990s, but in the last several years the numbers have grown to close to 1,500, according to academic experts who have followed the trend. “I think people are becoming more local-minded, and this fits right into that,” said Nichole D. Nazelrod, program coordinator at the Fulton Center for Sustainable Living at Wilson College in Chambersburg, Pa., a national clearinghouse for community-supported farms. “People are seeing ways to come together and work together to make this successful.”The shareholders of Erehwon Farm have open access to the land and a guaranteed percentage of the season’s harvest of fruit and vegetables for packages that range from about $300 to $900. Arrangements of fresh-cut blossoms twice a month can be included for an extra $120—or for the deluxe package, $220 will “feed the soul” with weekly bouquets of lilies and sunflowers and other local blooms.Shareholders are not required to work the fields, but they can if they want, and many do. Mr. Trisko said his family knows that without his volunteer labor and agreement to share in the financial risk of raising crops, the small organic farm might not survive. “It’s very hard for them to make ends meet,” he said, “so I decided to go out and help. We harvest, water, pull weeds, whatever they need doing.”Erehwon—the word “nowhere” spelled backward—started with two shareholders, reached its goal of 140 last year, and now has raised its target to about 200 members.1. According to the passage, growing numbers of people buy shares of farms because they .2. Erehwon Farm differs from the traditional farms in that it is .3. We may infer from the passage that community-sponsored farm .4. The average shareholders of Erehwon Farm are entitled to .5. It is implied that Erehwon Farm .

It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently—（1） qualitatively but quantitatively—how the world works. We might （2） a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080 elementary particles that （3） a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain （4） as massive as the universe. It seems （5） that such a universe could have life and intelligence, because being and brains （6） some degree of internal stability and order. But （7） in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much （8）_ than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.（9） for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have （10） us to understand something of the workaday world. When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition （11） highly unreliable guides. It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light our mass （12） indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness （13） the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like. Many people think that this is silly, and every week （14） I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it. But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einstein’s （15） analysis of space and time called the Special Theory of Relativity. It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us. We are not （16） the habit of traveling close to the speed of light. The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on （17） humans might do is frustrating. Why shouldn’t we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why can’t we （18） faster than the speed of light? But （19） we can tell, this is the way the universe is constructed. Such prohibitions not only （20） us toward a little humility; they also make the world more knowable.

The form and physiology of leaves vary according to the ____ in which they develop: for example, leaves display a wide range of adaptations to different degrees of light and moisture.

A computer program can provide information in ways that force students to ____ learning instead of being merely recipients of knowledge.

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