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Directions: Write a composition of no less than 300 words on the following topic.On Water Crisis in China

1. 没有改革开放，就没有今天的经济发展。2. 祖国的地下到处都埋藏着丰富的矿产资源。3. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。4. 不经一事，不长一智。5. 青年人和老年人不同，女青年和老太太也不同，不考虑这些情况，恐怕就解决不好“代沟”问题。

A building has two main structural functions. It must shelter people from the elements and it must transmit all loads safely to the ground. Loads are of two kinds, dead and live. Dead loads are those of the building itself. They vary in different parts of the building according to the heights and materials used.Engineers can easily calculate these loads, because they know the weights and positions of all the parts of the building. Live loads are the weights of the people and things in the building. Engineers have done research into live loadings and have produced statistics for all kinds of loads. They know, for example, that the normal floor loading of an office building is about 40 pounds for every square foot.In many countries, the greatest loadings allowed are stated in regulations. When authorities approve the design of a new building, they make sure that the building will safely take the loads stated. The calculations include a safety factor of three or four—that is, the structure is three or four times as it needed be to avoid collapse. The extra strength allows for occasional overloading and for small heavy loads, such as an office safe. The extra strength also allows for deterioration of the structure.The architect must design the building to stand up to wind pressures. And in some countries such as Japan, the building must also withstand earthquakes. Earthquakes cause abnormal stresses in a building’s structure, especially at the joints between beams and columns.The main types of structure used to support building include load-bearing walls, frames and the shell structures. Architects may use space-frames and shells for large one-floored buildings, such as aircraft hangars, exhibition halls and swimming-pools. These structures can form wide-span roofs without any central support pillars. A space frame consists of a rigid network of metal girders. A shell may be of concrete or wood, forming a high arched roof. Many shell structures have beautiful geometrical shapes.1.An appropriate title for the above article should be（）.2.One of the main structural functions of a building is （）. 3.The safety factor of a building must be （）. 4.are the main types of structures used to support buildings （）. 5.All the stresses are mentioned in the passage except（）.

With the development of international trade, an international medium of exchange is required. From the late 1800s until World War I, most countries operated on the gold standard. Gold coins of standard specifications circulated freely between countries, making gold in effect an international currency. This system provided an automatic correction for some trade imbalances, but it had little liquidity (the money supply could not expand as rapidly as required by expanding trade), and it was vulnerably to short-term changes in the gold supply.After the financial stability of the 1930s, the international monetary system was re-built following World War II on the gold-exchange standard. The values of most national currencies were fixed in relation to the US dollar, reserves were kept in dollars, which would be exchanged on demand for gold at a set price ($35 an ounce until 1968). The International Monetary Fund, a key institution set up under this system, makes international loans with capital subscribed by its members, which include most noncommunist states. Voting rights are proportional to the amounts subscribed. The IMF has been able, through its loans, to stabilize fluctuating currencies and to influence the internal financial policies of recipient countries, a frequently criticized practice.The success of the gold exchange standard, however, depended on the superior position of the US in world trade. In the 1960s, continual balance payments deficits lowered US gold reserves and fatally undermined the system. In 1968 a two-tiered system was adopted. Government banks maintained a fixed gold price, while none governmental buyers traded freely. Simultaneously, non-dollar special drawing right were assigned to IMF members in proportion to their contributions. But these changes didn’t relieve the strain on the US dollar. In 1971 President Richard Nixon announced that dollars would no longer automatically be exchanged for gold, and since then there has been no single international monetary standard.1.Since World War II the international monetary system has shown an overall trend toward（）.2.The reason why the gold standard had limited liquidity is probable because （）. 3.The gold-exchange standard differs from the gold standard in that（）.

Prior to the event of September 11, the Bush administration had started to chart a clear-cut course in South Asia. In this new foreign policy calculus, India, the largest, most powerful economically dynamic, politically stable, and strategically significant state in the region, was destined to emerge as a linchpin. Such a shift was possible because unlike a range of other American administrations, both during and after the Cold War, the George W.Bush regime had finally decided that Pakistan could no longer exercise a veto on American relations with India. Such a decision was also made possible because of Pakistan’s steady downward economic spiral, the presence of a Pakistani military dictatorship in a democratizing Asia and also because of Pakistan’s extensive strategic links with the loathsome Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Few American interests, it appeared, were implicated in that country.Simultaneously, India, which had almost reflexively opposed virtually any major American foreign policy, initiatively appeared to be changing its orientation. The Bharatiya Janata Party (RlP)-Ied regime in India was demonstrating a degree of intellectual flexibility that few regimes in India had ever displayed, specifically, the BJP-led regime had expressed cautious support for the Bush administration’s decision to amend the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty and move toward dramatic cuts in the American nuclear arsenal. Admittedly, the India endorsement of the American position was anything but fulsome.Nevertheless, even this limited embrace of an otherwise controversial American strategic shift was quite significant. At another level, unlike many previous regimes, the BJP-led government appeared much more inclined to broaden and deepen military-to-military contacts with the United States. Even areas of disagreement in Indo-U.S. relations such as those dealing with trade and investment regimes no longer appeared as acrimoniousness.1.The word “linchpin” in the first paragraph means（）.2.From the first paragraph, we can infer that （）. 3.The BJP-led government （）. 4.The article mainly talks about（）.

With our magnificent new colleges of further education, the super-polytechnics springing up like mushrooms, and our much vaunted increase of students in full-time education, one vital point is being left to us of educational thinking. What will it earn? Because—sad as it may seem to those who believe in its-mind-broadening, horizon-widening and staminatesting qualities—you can't eat education. There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography, but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. Or am I alone in suspecting that they will all return to teach Geography to another set of students, who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering, which perhaps is just as well, in view of the speed with the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. On the other hand, hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half or those who apply.It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and Productivity and the Department of Education and Science to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being fitted away on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about. They might make a start by reintroducing a genuine “General” Certificate of Education. In the days when it meant something, this was called the School Certificate. Employers liked it, because it indicated proficiency in English, Arithmetic, Science and Humanities—in other words, that you had an all-round education. You could use it as a spring board to higher education, but it actually meant something in itself, in every industry for chemical to clothing.1.The usefulness of Geography courses is restricted mainly because （）.2.In contrast with the aircraft industry, hospitals （）. 3.“Industry” (Line 4, Para.3) means （）. 4.What does the author mean by “no one wants to know about” (Line 5, Para.3)?

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple earners, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are the elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffers. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.What does the “labor market problems” refer to?2.The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that（）.3.The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a year is most probably to show that（）. 4.According to the passage, one factor that causes our society to overestimate the degree of economic hardship is the（）.

Jack was about to announce our plan but I（）.

Go to inspect all the parts to find what was at （）.

His（）book will deal with industrial relations.

The thief ran into the crowd and（）from the sight.

My brother is a painter and works in a（）.

The city signed a/an（）contract with Italy in order to make full use of their natural resources and capital.

I’m sure that I can soon（）him into accepting our plan.

It’s not easy to find a solution to the country’s labor（）.

I’m afraid I （） forgot her birthday.

The actress（）the terms of her contract and was sued by the producer.

Mother told me that the most important thing of choosing a piece of cloth is its （）.

The tourist said that the animal belonged to a（）that he hadn’t seen before.

Over 350 million people speak English as their（）language.

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