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For tens of thousands of profoundly deaf adults and children worldwide, cochlea implants have provided a useful substitute for natural hearing. These devices electrically stimulate the auditory nerve within the cochlea, enabling many users to carry on a conversation without visual cues, such as over the telephone. But for the patients whose nerve endings have degenerated or whose auditory nerves have been destroyed, the only hope for restoring hearing is to access later stages of the auditory system. Now California researchers are gearing up to do just that, going beyond cochlea implants with a device that will plug directly into the brain. At the Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) in Pasadena. Calif, neuro-physiologist Douglas McCreey shows off a cat that is already using the new device. Like a cochlea implant, it consists of an external speech processor and a receiver implanted under the scalp. But the wires from the receiver bypass the cochlea and instead travel all the way to the brain stem. They end in an array of six iridium microelectrodes that penetrate the ventral cochlea nucleus, one of the auditory centers that normally receive input from the cochlea. The implant is not meant to enable McCerry’s cat to hear, its natural hearing is in fact still intact. Rather McCreey records the neural signals the implant produces and finds that the signals convey the frequency coded information appropriate for the comprehension of speech. In its current form the brain stem implant features an array of eight flat electrical contacts that are simply placed against the surface of the brain stem near the ventral cochlea nucleus. The recipients of these devices—about 150 people globally—get enough auditory information to improve their lip-reading skills and to perceive environmental sounds, but they rarely attain good speech comprehension in the absence of visual cues. 1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What’s the goal of California researchers mentioned in the first paragraph?3.Why does Douglas McCreery show off a cat?

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The compromise alleged distasteful to those who are reserved as to the worth of arbitration is not the “honorific” type. Properly, it is the “invidious compromise.” This means not considering the merits of the matter, but recognizing the outer limits and splitting the difference. This would be an improper use of an arbitrator’s powers. Where it occurs, arbitration fails.An example may serve to distinguish between the distasteful “invidious compromise” and the seeming “honorific compromise” that may arise in an arbitration. The assumed matter concerns a buyer, who contracted for certain goods, which he received, but which he believes are inferior from the ordered merchandise. He can use the goods, but believes the full price should not be paid. He opines that a price allowance of one dollar per unit should be made. The manufacturer-seller disputes the claim of inferiority. In an arbitration hearing the arbitrator may find there was a deficiency, but not to the extent claimed. For reasons of the facts presented, he may award a 50% per unit reduction, or 50 cents per unit allowance, in a compromise, that is the “invidious compromise”, the decision would not consider the facts, but would consider only the wish to resolve the matter. An “invidious compromise” award at the same 50% per unit reduction would bear no relation to the degree of inferiority and potential of use. The purpose of arbitration is not to please all parties to some extent; it is to reach a decision with due regard to all facts and circumstances presented in the Hearing.

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