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No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead.There have been and may again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed, where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she is equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side, if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should hear the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them, who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.1. According to the author, it is always advisable to（）.32. According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find（）.3. According to the author, which of the following statements is true?4. According to the author, the person who -holds orthodox beliefs without examination maybe described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as（）.5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today ---summed up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development”. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870，but even then much of what passed for the application of science was “engineering science” rather than basic science. Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness ---if not understanding — of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?2. The “list” mentioned in line 13 refers to（）.3. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century-is based on which of the following?4. Why does the author mention “consultants” in line 26?5. Which of the following statements does the passage support?

According to anthropologists, people in pre-industrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution（1760-1840）when 10-to-12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even, with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870’s, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920’s.In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 19305s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.The Depression years of the 1930 have brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metal workers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2088 hours per worker, compared to 1957 for the United States and 1646 for France.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?2. Compared to pre-industrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century（）.3. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930’s?4. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has been declining since the nineteenth century?

（）for more than five to seven minutes, the brain will be subjected to irreversible damage.

Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries（）as a unified science.

All the planets in the solar system except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites,（）objects that revolve around the planets.

During the decades after the United States Civil War, a host of technical advances made possible（）and uniformity of railroad service.

The seal can dive to a depth of about 1600 feet and remain（）for as long as an hour and ten minutes.

The significance of magazines among contemporary media is sometimes（）underestimated.

Within, the （）of given data, the biographer seeks to illuminate factual information about a person and transforms it into insight.

To reduce the financial pressure facing the company, its management has decided on（）expenditure cuts.

When the news of a UFO sighting was broadcast on radio, some listeners called to challenge the（）of it.

Some people believe that “King John” was written by Shakespeare, but some people think it might be written by an（）author.

With the completion of the irrigation network，the farmers in that area will no longer be（）the weather for good harvests.

A 1994 World Bank report concluded that（）girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.

To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed（）and means of packing.

The poem perfectly（）to the reader the poet's loneliness and disillusionment with the industrial society.

Since 1813, reaction to Jane Austen's novels has oscillated between adoration and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary（）.

Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children（）a violent act previously seen on television.

Social tensions among adult factions can be adjusted by politics, but adolescents and children have no such（）for resolving their conflict with the exclusive world of adults.

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