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The prisoner was（）of his civil liberty for three years.

What the correspondent sent us is an （）news report. We can depend on it.

The old lady has developed a （）cough which cannot be cured completely in a short time.

The （）of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe.

We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night, is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a m one week, 8 a.m to 4 p.m the next, and 4 p. in to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence（发生率）of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.1.Why is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at night” not a mere academic question?2.The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in （）.3.The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be （）. 4.It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because （）. 5.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

People's tastes in recreation differ widely. At a recent festival of pop-music in the Isle of Wight, crowds of teenagers flocked to listen to their favorite singers and musicians. They went with single railway tickets and slept in the open, a very risky thing to do in the climate of Britain, even in August. They were packed together like sardines for four days. There were innumerable thieves, a gang of roughs tried several times to break things up and police were everywhere. At the end of the festival many young fans found themselves broke, with no money left, and they had difficulty in getting back home. Most people would consider these conditions a nightmare of discomfort, the fans appeared to enjoy it all enormously.Even in the overcrowded United Kingdom there are large tracts of open un-spoilt country, where people with more traditional tastes can go for quiet, and for the sense of freedom they derive from contact with nature. In the national parks especially, modern development of housing and industry is strictly controlled. Visitors may walk for miles through landscape of the greatest beauty and wildness, and often of considerable historic or scientific interest. Along the coasts of some of the maritime counties, public pathways have been created, these paths stretch for many miles along cliffs that look out on the Atlantic Ocean or the English Channel. Another path, lying inland, goes along the range of mountains in the north of England. It is called the Pennine Way. Here, the long-distance walker and the nature-lover can find much to enjoy, without feeling disturbed by large numbers of their fellows.Yet few people make full use of the national parks established for everyone's benefit. The commonest thing nowadays is for family groups to motor out to a beautiful spot and park their cars in a lay-by（路旁停车处）.A picnic basket is produced, along with a folding table and chairs, a kettle and a portable stove. They then settle down to a picnic in the lay-by beside the car. Apparently their idea of enjoyment is to get into the fresh air and amongst the country sights and sounds without having to walk a yard. They seem almost to like to hear and to smell the traffic.1.In Britain, according to the passage, it is very risky to（）.2.At the end of the festival, many young fans （）. 3.Even in the overcrowded United Kingdom there are large （）. 4.Public pathways are created for people to （）. 5.Family groups nowadays like to（）.

Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle—compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let's end this nonsense of grades, exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must someday learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, "But suppose they fail to learn something essential something they will need to get in the world? Don't worry! If it is essential they will go out into the world and learn it.1.What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?2.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are （）.3.According to the passage, the author thinks teachers in school should （）. 4.The author believes the teachers role in children’s learning should be （）. 5.The title of this passage could probably be（）.

Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants and his objective is to find it and buy it; the price is a secondary consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock the salesman promptly produces it, and the business of trying it on, proceeds at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone's satisfaction.For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have exactly what he wants. In that case the salesman, as the name implies, tries to sell the customer something else—he offers the nearest he can to the article required. No good salesman brings out such a substitute bluntly, he does so with skill and polish. "I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It happens to be the color you mentioned." Few men have patience with this treatment, and the usual response is "This is the right color and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on."Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way. Her shopping is not often based on need. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only "having a look around". She is always open to persuasion; indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, even by what companions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes; most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes. They are always on the look-out for the unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps, before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process but apparently an enjoyable one. So most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.1.When a man is buying clothes, （）.2.In commerce a good salesman is one who （）. 3.What does a man do when he cannot get exactly what he wants?4.According to this passage, when shopping for clothes, women （）. 5.What is the most obvious difference between men and women shoppers?

Some people argue that raising the price of petrol is the best way to solve traffic jam and pollution. To what extent do your agree or disagree? What do you think are the other possible effective measures to solve the problems? Write an essay about 150 words on your view of this topic.

A study suggests the long-term survival benefits of shopping are better than going to the gym, because seeing friends and just people-watching can stave off loneliness and improve psychological health.The researchers found those who shopped daily lived longer than those who shopped less frequently, even after taking accounts of people’s physical or other health problems. In shopping venues, socializing with, or watching others can provide social and mental benefits. Compared with other types of leisure-time physical activity, like formal exercise, which usually requires motivation and sometimes professional instruction, shopping is easier to undertake and maintain.

There are many superstitions in Britain. But one of the most（1）held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means（2）the pavement into a busy street!（3）you must pass under a ladder you can（4）bad luck by crossing your fingers and（5）them crossed until you have seen a dog. （6）, you may lick your finger and（7）a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the（8）has dried.Another common（9）is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house —it will either bring（10）to the person who opened it or to the whole（11）. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is（12）, as it inevitably brings rain!The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some and when the 13th day of the month（13）on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bed event had better stay（14）. The worst misfortune that earn happen to a person is caused by breaking a minor, （15）it beings seven years of bed luck. The superstition is supposed to（16）in ancient times, when minors were considered to be tools of the gods.Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are（17）witchcraft. It is（18）lucky if a black cat crossed your path although in America the exact opposite belief prevails.Finally, a common held superstition is that of touching wood（19）luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as “my car has never（20）, touch wood?”

Not only （）to determine the depth of the ocean floor, but it is also used to locate oil.

I was （）to study French yesterday, but I changed my mind.

（） ever developed was celluloid, a combination of natural camphor and cellulose nitrate.

Humble （）it may be, there’s no place like home, （）her may go.

（） the precise qualities of the hero in literary works may vary over time, basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.

Why was the suggestion that she （）to our party rejected the day before yesterday?

In selecting a material the engineer’s interest is in its properties which determine how it will perform under the loads and condition（） it is subject.

It （）to see so many children in that mountainous area cannot even afford elementary education.

Living in the desert involves a lot of problems, （）water shortage is the worst.

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