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For half a century, researchers have dreamed of giving cancer patients a vaccine that helps the immune system detect the tumors as foreign tissue and wipe them out. Now, a new approach that tailors a personalized vaccine to the mutated proteins in an individual’s tumor appears to have prevented early relapses in 12 people with skin cancer. “We’re in this very exciting, new moment for personalized cancer vaccines,” says Catherine Wu of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, whose team presented results last week at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) in Washington, D.C. A second team has similarly encouraging data. The two small studies, mainly designed to test safety and immune responses, are indeed “promising,” says Drew Pardoll of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. But, he cautions, it is “way too early” to draw firm conclusions about whether the vaccines will extend the lives of cancer patients.Whereas earlier, unsuccessful cancer vaccines usually targeted a single distinctive cancer protein shared among patients, these new ones contain multiple mutated proteins, or “neoantigens,” that are specific to an individual patient’s tumor. Giving patients a dose of their tumor neoantigens, which look foreign to the immune system, should help activate immune cells called T cells to attack the cancer cells.One new study was conducted in six patients with melanoma that had spread to their lymph nodes and sometimes other sites. The patients’ tumors had been removed surgically, but were likely to regrow. Wu’s team sequenced the DNA from each patient’s tumors and used computational methods to predict mutations that coded for neoantigens. Then they made each patient a personal vaccine containing about 20 of these neoantigens. The researchers injected the vaccine under the patients’ skin periodically for 5 months. They had no serious side effects and showed “strong, potent T cell responses” specific to many of their vaccine neoantigens. All are now cancer-free up to 32 months later.The two patients with the most advanced disease did relapse, but Wu’s team deployed an additional weapon: an immunotherapy drug called a PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor. These antibody drugs block receptors on T cells that tumors use to hide from the immune system. On their own, the drugs have vanquished tumors in people with certain cancers who otherwise had no hope.Similar results come from an international trial using a vaccine developed by Ugur Sahin of University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. The team injected RNA coding for up to 10 tumor neoantigens into the lymph nodes of 13 advanced melanoma patients whose tumors had been removed. Eleven remain cancer-free up to 26 months later, including two whose tumors reappeared, then shrank or were surgically removed, Sahin says. Another patient whose cancer returned received a PD-1 inhibitor and is also tumor-free.Pardoll and others caution, however, that it’s not possible to know whether neoantigen vaccines perform better than a PD-1 inhibitor alone without doing larger studies. Other questions remain about how best to design and deliver neoantigen vaccines. Right now the vaccines are costly and take months to make, which may be too long for some patients with metastatic disease.Meanwhile, several biotech companies are launching trials combining neoantigen vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors for various cancers. The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy in San Francisco, California, launched a year ago by Napster co-founder and biotech billionaire Sean Parker, is trying to figure out how to tailor the best possible vaccines through a competition.1. What is new of the tumor vaccines in Professor Wu’s study?2. What is true about the new study conducted in 6 patients?3. What is the attitude for the personalized tumor vaccine according to the experts?4. What are the similarity between Professor Wu’s trial and Ugur Sahin one?5. Which of the following could NOT be the problems for personal tumor vaccine’s development?

Scientists have a duty to talk to the public. Why? Because social policies need to be decided on the basis of rational grounds and facts. These include important issue ranging from climate change, to the goals of the space program, to the protection of endangered species, to the use of embryonic stem cells or animals in biomedical research. Both the public and policy makers need to understand not only the scientific justification for our work but also, in some cases, why we deem our studies to be morally justifiable.The time is ripe for a more open, public and honest debate about the role of scientific experimentation in animals. What follows are some of my thoughts on this topic. I hope this perspective encourages other scientists to join the discussion and prompts opponents of animal research to create an atmosphere where civil discourse can take place, free of the threats, harassment and intimidation (恐吓) that are increasingly directed at biomedical scientists and their families.Criticism to the use of animals in biomedical research rests on varied scientific and ethical arguments. One extreme view holds that information gathered from animal research cannot, even in principle, be used to improve human health. It is often accompanied by catchy slogan such as “If society funds mouse models of cancer, we will find more cures for cancer in mice.” It is argued that the physiology of animals and humans are too different to allow results from animal research to be extrapolated (推断) to humans.Such a blanket statement is falsified by numerous cases where experimentation on animals has demonstrably contributed to medical breakthroughs. The experiments on cardiovascular and pulmonary function in animals that began with Harvey and continued with the Oxford physiologists established the understanding of what the heart and lungs do and how they do it, on which the modern practice of internal medicine rests. Modern medical practice is inconceivable in the absence of the insights gained from these experiments. Anticoagulants were first isolated in dogs: insulin was discovered in dogs and purified in rabbits; lung surfactants were first extracted and studied in dogs; rabbits were used in the development of in vitro fertilization; mice in the development of efficient breast cancer drugs and so on.For the sake of completeness, it must be noted that the other extreme—the notion that all medical advances are a result of animal research—is false as well. Important medical advances, such as sanitation and the discovery of aspirin, were conducted without the use of animals.1. The scientists need to talk to the public for the purpose of .2. In the second paragraph, what topic is raised for discussion?3. On which of the following do the opponents of the animal research base their extreme view?4.To falsify the blanket statement, the author cites all the following EXCEPT .5. What message does the author try to convey about the scientific experimentation in animals?

“He sounded harsh,” my wife said after she hung up the phone with her physician.In the office, she had found her physician compassionate and warm. But on the phone that day, she felt that the physician was distant and regimented. As a palliative medicine physician practicing at a cancer center, I knew what she meant. When the COVID-19 pandemic began spreading across the globe, waiting rooms of medical offices emptied almost overnight, including our own. Many patients with cancer who were not receiving active treatment stayed home, uncertain about their future, often scared and worried. Telemedicine seemed like a perfect solution to stay in touch, offer ongoing care and counseling, and reach out. Health care systems recognized this, and in a blitzkrieg-like move, transitioned many of their non-urgent outpatient visits to virtual. But neither the patients nor the clinicians were prepared for it.“I have to ask you a question before we get started.” a long-time patient asked when I reached her via telephone at home: “Are you wearing your white coat?” We both burst out laughing at the absurdity of the image: a physician sitting at his desk, talking to a patient who cannot see him, and yet still wearing a white coat.During more than 20 years of practicing medicine, I have worked on 2 different continents and in a variety of medical systems and settings. But one thing has always remained constant: the practice of medicine as an in-person endeavor.The potential benefits of telemedicine are many and easy to appreciate during normal times; in the times of the pandemic they are priceless. Telemedicine allows for quick contact and maintains continuity of care, especially for patients who have an established relationship with the clinician or practice. This option can be particularly helpful for patients who live in remote areas or cannot easily travel, including frail older adults. Patients can be quickly assessed and supported without the risk of being exposed to the virus. The video encounters also offer a direct glimpse into the lives of patients, an updated version of the traditional home visit.But, compared with the face-to-face interactions, the virtual interactions seem barren, devoid of the richness the personal contact brings. In a specialty like mine, where a lot depends on emotional connection with the patient and their caregivers, the virtual visits demanded more of me and yet felt a lot less fulfilling. And they all seemed to be plagued by annoying technical issues: a weak Wi-Fi signal, dropped connections, wrong phone numbers in the chart, malfunctioning headphones, or a broken phone camera. And what to do about the omnipresent background noise of a lawn mower? As I spent more time doing telemedicine visits, I noticed their cumulative effect wore on me.Times are chaotic now. For all of us. Our health care systems struggle to provide the best care possible. Telemedicine has proven to be incredibly useful, and it is here to stay. Over time, supporting technology and systems will make virtual visits more efficient, better coordinated, and hopefully, more patient-friendly.But there is no doubt that the virtual visit is a fundamental alteration to the patient-physician encounter. Recent weeks have brought a massive and hurried adaptation that risks changing the ancient and sacrosanct practice of medicine. And as news, discoveries, ideas, and policies spin around in a flurry, now more than ever we must anchor ourselves in and cherish the wisdom of personal interactions. The place where it all starts.1. A patient asked the author about the white coat to ________.2. According to the passage, what does the author mean by “practice of medicine as an in-person endeavor”?3. Why does the author say telemedicine is priceless in pandemic?4. What is not the disadvantage of telemedicine for a doctor?5. What is the author’s attitude to telemedicine?

Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them. On that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still _1_ in their minds, Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U. S. history on live TV. Anyone who didn’t know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made _2_ worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our reluctance to work together before everything goes to hell.Granted, some amount of delusion is probably part of the _3_ condition. In A.D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work _4_, in the same spot—until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a review of the past year in disaster history suggests that modern Americans are particularly bad at _5_ themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we ever did about the dangers we face. But it turns _6_ that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy is rarely the storm, the quake or the surge itself. More often, it is ourselves.So what has happened in the year that _7_ the disaster on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to where they were before Katrina, more or less. That’s not _8_, we can now say with confidence. But it may be all that can be expected from one year of hustle.Meanwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to _9_ the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 15, 000 people will need a ride out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The _10_ with neighboring communities are ongoing and difficult.

10,000 deaths a year from [chronic] lung disease are attributable to smoking.

Hippocrates is [credited with] writing the Hippocratic oath, although experts wonder if this is true.

The doctor [vacillated] so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.

For years an acrimonious debate over how to protect heroin users [impeded] efforts in the U.S.A to control the spread of AIDS.

The loss of Lusitanian and so many of its passengers, including 128 U.S. citizens, aroused a wave of [indignation] in the United States.

It is difficult to [discern] the sample that is on the slide unless the microscope is adjusted properly.

While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within the family, others [lament] the loss of family responsibility and discipline.

A (n) ________ is a person who studies the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings.

Deeply wounded people are ________; they are willing to try almost anything to relieve their pain.

An allergy results when the body has a (n) ________ reaction to certain substances introduced to it.

You may ________ weight-loss medication for obesity, if your BMI is thirty or more, or if your BMI is twenty seven or more, and you also have an obesity related health problem.

For many patients, institutional care is the most ________ and beneficial form of care.

I didn’t need any specific medical input or ________ control, although I was in a mess physically and I did need to rest, relax, and recharge myself.

Despite almost universal ________ of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for far too many women in far too many countries of the world.

Tennessee’s population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group of cities ________ the state.

Professor Wu traveled and lectured throughout the country to ________ education and professional skills so that women could enter the public world.

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