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As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appears to depend on a seeming ________: The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.

Leonardo da Vinci was a man of immense talent, skilled in the fine arts, and ________ as a military and civil engineer.

The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been ________.

Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ________ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.

During an ________ gastric band procedure, your surgeon will place a band around the top of your stomach, this makes a smaller pouch to hold food.

Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson is accompanied by a loss of ________.

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Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.“健康中国”的三层含义《健康中国2030规划纲要》的颁布是我国健康现代化建设的一个里程碑。它实现了两个政策突破：首先，把健康中国建设上升为国家战略。其次，确认了健康优先战略，就是“把人民健康放在优先发展的战略地位”，加快推进健康中国建设。落实规划纲要，首先要科学理解“健康中国”的三层含义。从健康事业角度看，“健康中国”是一个发展目标，是指人民健康、长寿水平达到世界先进水平的中国；从人民生活角度看，“健康中国”是一种生活方式，是人人拥有健康理念和健康生活，家家享有健康服务和健康保障的生活方式；从国家发展角度看，“健康中国”是种发展模式，是把人民健康放在优先发展的战略地位，把健康融入所有政策，努力实现全方位、全周期保障人民健康的国家发展模式。“健康中国”建设是一个大战略，必然面临诸多新挑战。从实施规划纲要的角度来看，卫生和计划生育领域的管理部门要进一步强化职能转变。《规划纲要》提出了健康优先发展战略方面的很多要求，现有的机制、手段、措施是远远跟不上的。要加快把卫生计生系统从行业管理的职能定位向社会治理、公共事务管理上转变。如何促使《规划纲要》更好地落地？首先要确立以人为本、以健康为中心的服务理念，比如在实施健康儿童计划方面，可以考虑整合现有分散的、以机构为中心的服务体系，在妇女结婚时就为其将来的孩子设立健康档案；其次是要着力加强系统整合，包括加强医疗和预防、卫生服务体系上下联动等方面的系统整合。《规划纲要》中提出，要建立完善针对不同人群、不同环境、不同身体状况的运动处方库。运动处方是体育科学的最高点。如果每个人都能从医生或体育科学工作者手里拿到一张绿色的运动处方，就能够让个人的健康发展达到有计划、有目的的程度。目前落实这一内容难度很大，只有体育和医学的高度结合，才能促使其真正落地。

When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and therefore, the patient’s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Small-pox Vaccine today, 3,000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.1.The best title for the text may be .2. What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?3. The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 3) most probably means .4. Which of the following is true according to the text?5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is .

Some western countries have lower vaccination rates than poor parts of Africa. Anti-vaxxers are not the main culprits. ERADICATING a disease is the sort of aim that rich countries come up with, and poor ones struggle to reach. But for some diseases, the pattern is reversed. These are the ailments for which vaccinations exist. Many poor countries run highly effective vaccination programmes. But as memories of the toll from infectious diseases fades across the rich world, in some places they are making a comeback. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reckons that vaccines save 2.5m lives a year.Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 with the help of a vaccine; polio should soon follow. In both cases, rich countries led the way. The new pattern looks very different. The trend is most evident for measles, which is highly contagious. At least 95% of people must be vaccinated to stop its spread (a threshold known as “herd immunity”). Although usually mild, it can lead to pneumonia and cause brain damage or blindness. The countries with the lowest vaccination rates are all very poor, but many developing countries run excellent programmes. Eritrea, Rwanda and Sri Lanka manage to vaccinate nearly everyone. By contrast several rich countries, including America, Britain, France and Italy, are below herd immunity. Last year Europe missed the deadline it had set itself in 2010 to eradicate measles, and had almost 4,000 cases. America was declared measles-free in 2000; in 2014 it had hundreds of cases across 27 states and last year saw its first death from the disease in more than a decade. The trends for other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as rubella, which can cause congenital disabilities if a pregnant woman catches it, are alarming, too. This sorry state of affairs is often blamed on hardline “anti-vaxxers,” parents who refuse all vaccines for their children. They are a motley lot. The Amish in America spurn modern medicine, along with almost everything else invented since the 17th century. Some vegans object to the use of animal-derived products in vaccines’ manufacture. The Protestant Dutch Reformed Church thinks vaccines thwart divine will. Anthroposophy, founded in the 19th century by Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian mystic-cum-philosopher, preaches that diseases strengthen children’s physical and mental development. In most countries such refuseniks are only 2%-3% of parents. But because they tend to live in clusters, they can be the source of outbreaks.A bigger problem, though, is the growing number of parents who delay vaccination, or pick and choose jabs. Studies from America, Australia and Europe suggest that about a quarter of parents fall into this group, generally because they think that the standard vaccination schedule, which protects against around a dozen diseases, “overloads” children’s immune systems, or that particular vaccines are unsafe. Some believe vaccines interfere with “natural immunity”. Many were shaken by a claim, later debunked, that there was a link between autism and the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella. In America, some poor children miss out on vaccines despite a federal programme to provide the jabs free, since they have no regular relationship with a family doctor.1. What can we learn about the vaccination in the developed countries?2. The author mentioned polio and smallpox as an example to .3. According to the passage, herd immunity is .4. Which of the following is NOT blamed for the vaccinate situation in developed countries?5. What concerns the author more is .

BY EARLY 1920, nearly two years after the end of The First World War and the first outbreak of S panish flu, the disease had killed as many as 100m people—more than both world wars combined. Yet few would name it as the biggest disaster of the 20th century. Some call it the “forgotten flu”. Almost a century on “Pale Rider”, a scientific and historic account of S panish flu, addresses this collective amnesia.Influenza, like all viruses, is a parasite. Laura Spinney traces its long shadow over human history; records are patchy and uncertain, but Hippocrates’s “Cough of Perinthus” in 412 BC may be its first written description. Influenza-shaped footprints can be traced down the centuries: the epidemic that struck during Rome’s siege of Syracuse in 212 BC; the febrisitalica that plagued Charlemagne’s troops in the ninth century. The word “influenza” started being used towards the end of the Middle Ages from the Italian for “influence”—the influence of the stars. That was the state of knowledge then; in some ways at the start of the 20th century it was little better.Ms. Spinney, an occasional contributor to The Economist, recreates the world that S panish flu came into. At the beginning of the 20th century science was on the rise. Scientists had switched miasma theory of disease for germ theory: they understood that many diseases were caused not by “bad airs”, but microscopic organisms like bacteria. This led to improvements in hygiene and sanitation, as well as the development of vaccines. But viruses were almost unknown. The magnification of optical microscopes was too weak to show them up. People could spot bacteria, but not viruses, which are smaller than the wavelength of visible light. Until the electron microscope was invented in the 1930s, influenza was, like Higgs boson before 2012, a theoretical entity: its existence was deduced from its effects. In the face of such uncertainty, public faith in medicine wavered. People reverted to superstition: sugar lumps soaked in kerosene, and aromatic fires to clear “miasmas”.Even so, S panish flu was exceptionally deadly—about 25 times more so than seasonal flu. No one fully understands why. Ms. Spinney ties the virulence of S panish flu to its genetic irregularities and does a go job of explaining containment strategies through epidemiology. She draws on contemporary research, too, including the recent controversy about recreating the strain responsible for the pandemic. Ms. Spinney is sanguine about the risks of such experiments: influenza appears to have all the ingredients for another catastrophic pandemic and scientists, using caution, should probably do all they can to learn more about it.Perhaps the most valuable aspect of this book, though, is its global perspective, tracing the course of the disease in Brazil, India, South Africa and Australia, among other places. In Europe and North America the First World War killed more than S panish flu; everywhere else the reverse is true. Yet most narratives focus on the West, and only partly because that is where the best records are. Ms. Spinney’s book goes some way to redress the balance.1. Which of the following description about S panish flu is true?2. What was the world like when S panish flu came into according to Ms. Spinney?3. Why did the public turn to superstition when the S panish flu broke out?4. What does “sanguine” mean in the Paragraph 4?5.The global perspective of Spinney makes us know ________.

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