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Without proper lesson, you could（）a lot of bad habits when playing the piano.

The ability to（）themselves by camouflage enables some defenseless animals to survive.

A man, with his mind（）by personal trivia, cannot possibly accomplish anything at any post.

Just imagine the shock of the Prime Minister when three of his senior cabinet colleagues（） and resigned in protest on Friday night.

We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go, so the game looked completely（）.

Lines of latitude run horizontally and are parallel to the Equator and lines of longitude run vertically. They（）at the North and South Poles.

Some people view life as a(n)（）conflict between the forces of good and evil.

The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible（）.

Politicians, environmentalists and businessmen from all over the world assembled to discuss the way of（）atmosphere pollution.

Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition entitled “My Views on Food Safety” in 300 words.In the first part of your writing you should state your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET.

Directions: For this part, you are required to summarize the main idea of the following passage in plain language in plant 100 words, trying to use your own expressions as much as possible. You should write year summary on the answering sheet China's water supply is in a parlous state, thanks to even-increasing industrial and agricultural use The amount of water available per head of population is only a quarter of the global average. In the arid north and west of the country that figure falls to a tenth. Two in three cities already suffer from shortages. Groundwater is being pumped out much faster than it is being replenished. Not even Beijing treats all its sewage; other cities treat none at all. Famous beauty spots, such as Taihu Lake near Shanghai, are often afflicted by hideous algal blooms, while effluent from polluted rivers has contaminated 160,000 square kilometres of ocean off China's shores officials say. Over half the water in the seven biggest river basins is unfit for consumption, according to a recent report from the World Bank. The resulting health problems reduce rural output by 2%, it found, and the costs to industry and agriculture of, dirty and scarce water sap GDP by another percentage point. All told, the World Bank: put the price tag for China's air and pollution at $I00 billion a year, or about 5.8% of GDP. It is said that the same report originally put the number of deaths caused by the two scourges at 75,000 as year-until the Chinese government complained and asked for the figure to be removed Pan Yue, a deputy minister at the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), China’s paramount environmental regulator; estimates the annual cost of environments like this, he expects levels of pollution to double over the next 15 years. Then there is global warming, which is already exacerbating China’s environmental problem. The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change notes that temperatures in China are rising and extreme weather, including cyclones, droughts and floods, is on the increase. Worse, the Himalayan glaciers that feed Child’s biggest rivers (and account for a large portion of flows during dry spells) are melting. “If the present rate continues.” the report says, “the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high.”

If you judge the progress of humanity by Homer Simpson, Paris Hilton, and Girls Gone Wild videos, you might conclude that our evolution has stalled or even shifted into reverse. Not so, scientists say. Humans are evolving faster than ever before, picking up new genetic traits and talents that may help us survive a turbulent future.Much remodeling has gone on science the dawn of agriculture about 10 millenniums ago. ”People who lived 10000 years ago were much more like Neanderthals than we are like those people: says John Hawks, a professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin. "We’ve changed".Hawks is among a growing number of scientists who are using whole-genome sequencing (全基因组测试)and other modern technologies to zero in on just how we’ve changed .Their research is helping illuminate not only how humans became what we are but also where we might be headed. For instance, some scientists speculate that changes in human mating patterns may be contributing to the increase in autism. Others track how humans have morphed in response to changing circumstance, including enhanced abilities to metabolize sugar and fight disease.Some people are genetically more resistant to the HIV virus, for instance, and that trait should become more common in the future, as those people are more likely to survive and have children who are resistant. Yet for some people, the makeover isn’t big enough or fast enough. Some parents have started using DNA testing to choose the genetic makeup of their children, rejecting embryos with inherited flaws or embracing those with desired traits-such as being the right sex.Until recently, anthropologist thought that human evolution had slowed down, but last December, Hawks reported that it had actually accelerated 100-fold in the past5000 to 10000 years. He figured that out by comparing chunks of DNA among 269 people from around the world. Over time, DNA accumulates random mutations, just as the front of a white T-shirt tends to accumulate spots. The bigger the chunks of DNA without random spots, the most recently it had been mimed. Using this system, Hawks concluded that recent genetic changes account for about 7 percent of human genome. Much of the increase, he says, has fueled by the growth of the world’s population, which has expanded by a factor of 1000 over the past 10000 years. Having more people increases the odds of mutations.At the same time, the human genome has been scrambling to adopt to a rapidly changing world-11000 years ago, nobody farmed, nobody milked domesticated animals, and nobody lived in a city. People with a mutation that aided survival were more likely to thrive, reproduce, and pass that mutation along to offspring For example, the capacity to digest lactose, the sugar in milk, has become common only over the past 3000 years. Now, about 95 percent of the people in northern Germany have the mutation, which also popped up independently among the Masai in African and the Lapps in Finland Hawks says: "this is really rapid evolution."Humans will continue to change to cope with new diseases, if history is any guide Genes that defend against infections disease have been among the most rapidly evolving parts of the human genome.People whose ancestors lived in European cities are more likely to have some resistance to smallpox, while people in sub-Saharan Africa are more likely to genetically resistance to malaria. Just weeks ago, research reported that one genetic variant that one genetic variant that protects against malaria also makes people more susceptible to AIDS, a discovery that could lead to tailored treatment if for AIDS in Africa.Right now, our genes are playing catch-up against modern scourges-like diabetes, Native Americans and Polynesians, whose cultures only recently adopted a European-style diet of diabetes. The theory is that the 'thrifty genes" that helped those groups survive famines haven’t had time to adapt to the glucose spikes caused by eating starchy food. "How we move sugars around and how burn them have really changed a lot," says Gregory Wary, an evolutionary biologist at Duke University.It’s even possible that very recent changes in society and the workplace could underpin the recent rise in cases of autism. Simon Baron-Cohen, director of the Autism Research Centre at the University of Cambridge, was struck by how many of the parents of children with autism who he tested were really good ‘‘systematizers”---people who understand the world according to rules or laws. They also were more likely to have a father who worked in engineering He wonders if the increase in autism diagnoses could be partly due to ‘assortative mating’ --- that is, people picking mates like themselves. People with autism (自闭症)spectrum disorder are often detail oriented and analytical, and today they might have an easier time finding a spouse with similar abilities than they would have in past eras. Baron-Cohen notes that in the late 1950s, only two percent of the undergraduates at Massachusetts Institute of Technology were women; now, 50 percent are. So, he’s setting up a study to test whether assortative mating among people with a genetic predisposition for autism could be fueling the birth of more children with autism.The human brain, which has evolved into cognition unique in the world, is likely to change even more in the future. Our niche in nature, says Stephen Pinker, an experimental psychologist at Harvard University who studies the evolution of language and the mind is the ’’cognitive niche". In research published last year, Wary identified genes that control glucose metabolism in the brain as among those most recently evolved. Those changes may have been essential to fueling the human brain’s growth to a size twice that of our nearest cousin the chimpanzee. "If you make a big brain, it’s an energy hog: Wary says.’’ It's like putting V-8 energy in a tiny little car/'It could also help explain why chimpanzees don't get diabetes, white humans do.

Broadly the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is folly（1）only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigners he often seems inhibited, （2） embarrassed. You have only to （3） a commuter train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a comer; no one speaks In fact, to do so would seem unusual （4） . There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, （5） broken, makes the person immediately the object of （6） .It is a well-known fact that the English have a （7） for the discussion of their weather and that given half a chance, they will talk about it （8） . Some people argue that it is Because English weather （9） forecast and hence is a source of interest and （10） to everyone. This may be so （11） Englishman cannot have much （12） in the weathermen, who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the Following day; are often proved wrong （13） a could over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to ail districts! The man in the street seems to be as accurate -or as inaccurate --- as the weathermen in his （14） .The overseas visitors may be excused for showing surprise at the number of references （15） weather that the English make to each other in the course of a single day. Very often conversational greetings are （16） by comments on the weather. ”Nice day, isn’t it?" "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how are you?" （17） the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage. （18） he wants to start a conversation with an Englishman but is （19） to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will （20） an answer from even the most reserved of Englishmen.

The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress had made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funds has been devoted to the study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence that this technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells.Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single crystal silicon lm been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials can have ever higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more that 100 to make them practical for commercial uses. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear m the final device Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost materials have been unacceptably small Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This difficulty can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they only short-range order rather that the ling-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion only I microns of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of 100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 cents per square foot.Although many scientists wore aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.1.The author is primarily concerned with（）.2.The author mentions recent attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon primarily in order to （）. 3.The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for （）. 4.The tone of the passage can best be described as（）.

Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations lead to family instability. They believe that those regulations, which exclude most poor husband-and-wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families that can eligibly get such grants would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.If all poor families could welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on relative importance of three types of potential welfare recipients. The first is the "Cheater" -the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family, but in fact disappears only when the social worker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father who, sensing his own inadequacy as a family supporter, leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these two types are significantThe third type is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large pan a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal process has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, such as division of property, and child support.Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage social-economic group. Expected income exerts pressures air family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution .To the extent that welfare is a form of government-subsidized AFDC payments, it reduces the costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its breach by providing a system of government-subsidized payments.1.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2.The tone of the passage can best be described as（）.3.With which of the following statements about marriage would the author most likely agree?4.The passage would most likely be found in a（）.

Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery .The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of light. As we all know, light is hot; my source of light - from the sun itself down to a humble match burning —will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes.Experiments with these pinpoint beams showed researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the from of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no unwanted damage—a true surgical wonder. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried. The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.1.Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform surgical operations were（）.2.After the development of the laser in the 1960s, we find that （）. 3.The laser beam is so strong because （）. 4.Surgeons can now carry out operations which（）.

"Museum" is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to theMuses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato's Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses shrine Although the Creeks already collected detached works of art, many temples-notably that of Hera at Olympia before which the Olympic flame is still lit had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings "(mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant “Muses-shrine”.The inspirational-collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries -which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejeweled relics of saints and martyrs princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, which became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostrich eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems-often antique engraved ones-as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not "collected" either, but ’’site-specific”，and were considered an integral part both of fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them-and most of the building were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to imitation, and so could be] considered Muses-shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, The Belvedere and the Capital in Rome were the most famous of such early "inspirational" collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradually, exemplary "modern" works were also added to such galleriesIn the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francois was the most famous Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth: London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of "improving” collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.1.The sentence "Museum is a slippery word” in the first paragraph means that（）.2.Paintings and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were （）. 3.Modem museums came into existence in order to （）. 4.Which is the main idea of the passage?

Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen’s novels has oscillated between （）and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary（）.

There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been（）to the extent that they no longer ecologists

Unfortunately, his damaging attacks on the ramifications of the economic policy have been（）by his wholehearted acceptance of that policy’s underlying assumptions.

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