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Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition of about 200 words on the topic "How to Solve the Energy Problem”. You must base your composition on the following outline:1. Energy is one of the biggest problems most concerned by the people.A. One of the solutions to the problem is severe conservation of natural resources.B. The best way to solve the problem is develop new sources of energyMarks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET. How to Solve the Energy Problem

Directions: For this part, you are required to summarize the main idea of the following passage in plain language in about 100 words, trying to use your own Expressions as much as possible. You should write your summary on ANSWER SHEET.Hundreds of millions of people rely on water from the Himalayas' mighty glaciers, which experts agree are shrinking as a result of rising global temperatures. But a claim that all of the ice could be gone by 2035---enshrined in the most recent report from the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—has come under fire from, among others, a coordinating lead author of the IPCC chapter that uses the questionable figure.The dispute highlights the fact that the panel sometimes relies on grey or referenced literature. IPCC chairman Rajendra Pachauri says that the panel is investigating whether its report needs to be modified which, if it were to happen, would be highly unusual.At issue is a statement in the portion of the 2007 IPCC report compiled by its working group on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. It says that "glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than that in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high life the Earth keeps warming at the current rate”. The source cited was a 2005 overview from the conservation group WWFTs Nepal Program, which, in turn, refers to non-refereed findings by glaciologist Syed Iqbal Hasnain, a senior fellow at The Energy and Resources Institute in New Delhi.Hasnain recently told the magazine New Scientist that his initial conclusions, contained in a 1999 report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology of the International Commission on Snow and Ice, were "speculative", Nature could not reach him for comment.Satellite observations and in situ measurements do suggest that many of the more than 45,000 glaciers in the Himalayan and Tibetan region w losing mass. But given the observed rate of decline so far, many experts doubt that even small glaciers will melt completely before the end of the century“The IPCC’s statement is wrong and misleading” says Andreas Schild, director-general of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development in Kathmandu, Nepal. “It’s was pretty clear early on that this was an error awaiting Correction.” adds Michael Zemp, a glaciologist with the World Glacier Monitoring Service in Zurich. Switzerland.Meanwhile, lingering uncertainty over glacier retreat has prompted India and other countries to put more emphasis on glaciological research. India’s environment minister, Jairam Ramesh, has called the shrinking Himalayan ice a matter of national security—even though a report he commissioned last year found little evidence of drastic retreat due to climate change. Pachauri has challenged that finding as “unsubstantiated”Still, it is unclear whether or when this may happen. Himalayan glaciers, says glaciologist Michael Bishop of the University of Nebraska in Omaha, behave very differently in different places. “Sweeping conclusions,” he says, “just don’t hold water”

The numbers keep rising, the superlatives keep glowing. Each year, selective colleges promote their application totals, along with the virtues of their applicants.For this fairs freshman class, the statistics reached remarkable levels.Stanford received a record 32,022 applications from students it called ’’simply amazing” and accepted 7 percent of them. Brown saw an unprecedented 30,135 applicants, who left the admissions staff "deeply impressed and at times awed." Nine percent were admitted.The biggest boast came from the University of California, Los Angeles. In a news release, UCLA said its accepted students had "demonstrated excellence in all aspects of their lives." Citing its record 57,670 applications, the university proclaimed itself "the most popular campus in the nation.”Such announcements tell a story in which colleges get better——and students get more amazing-every year.In reality, the narrative is far more complex, and the implications far less sunny for students as well as colleges caught up in the cruel cycle of selectivityTo Some degree, the increases are inevitable: the college-bound population grown, and so, too, has the number of applications students file, thanks in part to online technology. But wherever it is raining applications, colleges have helped seed the clouds by recruiting widely and aggressively for ever more applicants.Admissions officers are chasing not so much a more perfect student as a more perfect class. In a given year, this elusive ideal might require more violinists, goalies, aspiring engineers or students who can pay the full cost of attendance Colleges everywhere want more minority students, more out-of-state students and more students from overseas. The pursuit reveals the duality of the modem college: it’s a place that serves the public interest and a business with a bottom line.Although the tension between mission and marketing has long defined admissions, many believe the balance has tilted too far toward the latter. Many colleges have made applying as simple as updating a Facebook page. Some deans and guidance counselors complain that it’s too easy. They question the ethics of intense recruitment by colleges that reject the overwhelming majority of applicants."It’s like needing a new stereo and buying the whole Radio Shack, says Mark Speer, director of college counseling at the Columbia Grammar and Preparatory School in New York. "With these bigger pools, colleges are getting a lot of students who have no chance."Fred Hargadon, former dean of admissions at Princeton and Stanford, doubts that more and more applicants make for a stronger class, “I couldn’t pick a better class out of 30000 applicants than out of 15.000 he says,"I’d just end up rejecting multiples of the same kid.”

Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and a relative sense: the surface of the Earth is finite, （1） absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different（2）Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; （3） the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing （4） must cause it to become less available for other uses. The cost of a product （5） money may not measure its true cost （6） society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the （7） of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a （8） Every act of production uses up some of society's available resources; it means the （9） of an opportunity to produce something else. In （10） how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the （11） of the community, this opportunity must be taken into account.In a market （12） the price of a good and the quantity （13） depends on the cost of making it, and the cost, （14） , is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism （15） this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the fuel, and other （16） used up in producing them. But the price of these （17） , in turn, depends on what they can produce （18） ---if the leather can used to produce handbags that are （19） highly by consumers, the price of the leather will be bid up （20） .

One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tend to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or antidiscipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the antidiscipline.The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the core “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life.In general, biochemists judged cytologists to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis.Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the hew discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its antidiscipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics.This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry Joseph Futon, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.”1.Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?2.The passage states that in the late nineteenth century cytologists deduced the（）.3.According to the passage, cytologists in the late nineteenth century were critical of the cell research of biochemists because cytologists believed that（）. 4.Which one of the following best describes the organization of the material presented in the passage?

It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity, at that time (a period called the Maunder min/mum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existenceIf consistent and reliable geological, or archaeological and climatological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could he found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun's internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative, explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed，and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Sun's magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical Solar-activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1.The author focuses primarily on（）.2.Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity is accurate?3.According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the argument in favor of the first model would be strengthened if which of the following were found to be true?

In most earthquakes the Earth's crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at a depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth's mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds, the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long even at the epicenter Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati's work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones) where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（）.2.Information presented in the passage suggests that, compared with seismic activity at the epicenter of a shallow event, seismic activity at the epicenter of a deep event is characterized by （）. 3.The method used by Wadati to determine the depths of earthquakes is most like which of the following?4.The passage supports which of the following statements about the relationship between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake?

It is the high humidity that makes London winters so chilly,（）.

（） , all of the soldiers laid down on the ground immediately and could not move their bodies,（）very tired.

Because of the revolt, the General assumed（）as dictatorial role.

The diplomat, selected for her demonstrated patience and skill in conducting suchdelicate negotiations,（）to make a decision during the talks because any sudden commitment at that time would have been（）.

There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been（）to the extent that they no longer（）ecologists.

Because of the excellent preservation of the fossil, anatomical details of early horseshoe crabs were（）for the first time, enabling experts to（）the evolution of the horseshoe crab.

Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly refused to（）its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be（）.

Although skeptics say financial problems will probably（）our establishing a base on the Moon, supporters of the project remain（）, saying that human curiosity should overcome such pragmatic constraints.

Belying his earlier reputation for（）as a negotiator, Morgan had recently assumed a more （）stance for which many of his erstwhile critics praised him.

It shows how economic and social and, above all, political changes have played their part, so that, correctly（） , the postage stamp in which millions of people, young and old, find pleasure, knowledge and even profit, has always been a faithful mirror of the times.

While many people utilize homeopathic remedies to treat health problems, other people do not（）such alternative treatments, （）conventional medical treatments instead.

Although the intellectual and artistic achievements of this ancient civilization were, even by modern standards, extraordinarily（）, its level of technical and mechanical development was by no means（）to that of modern technology.

Before sitting for the entrance examination for postgraduate students, many candidates try to familiarize themselves with the formula of the exam by doing（）tests.

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