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Frustrated with delays in Sacramento, Bay Area officials said Thursday they planned to take matters into their own hands to regulate the region’s growing pile of electronic trash.A San Jose councilwoman and a San Francisco supervisor said they would propose local initiatives aimed at controlling electronic waste if the California law-making body fails to act on two bills stalled in the Assembly. They are among a growing number of California cities and counties that have expressed the same intention.Environmentalists and local governments are increasingly concerned about the toxic hazard posed by old electronic devices and the cost of safely recycling those products. An estimated 6 million televisions and computers are stocked in California homes, and an additional 6,000 to 7,000 computers become outdated every day. The machines contain high levels of lead and other hazardous substances, and are already banned from California landfills. Legislation by Senator Byron Sher would require consumers to pay a recycling fee of up to $30 on every new machine containing a cathode (阴极) ray tube. Used in almost all video monitors and televisions, those devices contain four to eight pounds of lead each. The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs, providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling.A separate bill by Los Angeles-area Senator Gloria Romero would require high-tech manufacturers to develop programs to recycle so-called e-waste.If passed, the measures would put California at the forefront of national efforts to manage the refuse of the electronic age.But high-tech groups, including the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group and the American Electronics Association, oppose the measures, arguing that fees of up to $30 will drive consumers to online, out-of-state retailers.“What really needs to occur is consumer education. Most consumers are unaware they’re not supposed to throw computers in the trash,” said Roxanne Gould, vice president of government relations for the electronics association.Computer recycling should be a local effort and part of residential waste collection programs, she added.Recycling electronic waste is a dangerous and specialized matter, and environmentalists maintain the state must support recycling efforts and ensure that the job isn’t contracted to unscrupulous (毫无顾忌的) junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas.“The graveyard of the high-tech revolution is ending up in rural China.” said Ted Smith, director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. His group is pushing for an amendment to Sher’s bill that would prevent the export of e-waste.66. What step were Bay Area officials going to take regarding e-waste disposal?67. The two bills stalled in the California Assembly both concern .68. Consumers are not supposed to throw used computers in the trash because .69. High-tech groups believe that if an extra $30 is charged on every TV or computer purchased in California, consumers will .70. We learn from the passage that much of California’s electronic waste has been .

Southeast Asia has a unique abundance and diversity of gliding animals, flying squirrels, flying frogs, and flying lizards with wings of skin that enable them to glide through the tropical forest. What could be the explanation for the great diversity in this region and the scarcity of such animals in other tropical forests? Gliding has generally been viewed as either a means of escaping predators, by allowing animals to move between trees without descending to the ground, or as an energetically efficient way of traveling long distances between scattered resources. But what is special about Southeast Asian rain forests?Scientists have proposed various theories to explain the diversity of gliding animals in Southeast Asia. The first theory might be called the tall-trees hypothesis. The forests of Southeast Asia are taller than forests elsewhere due to the domination of the dipterocarp (龙脑香料树) family: a family of tall, tropical hardwood trees. Taller trees could allow for longer glides and the opportunity to build up speed in a dive before gliding. The lower wind speeds in tall-tree forests might also contribute by providing a more advantageous situation for gliding between trees. This argument has several flaws, however. First, gliding animals are found throughout the Southeast Asian region, even in relatively short-stature forests found in the northern range of the rain forest in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Some gliders also thrive in low secondary forests, plantations, and even city parks. Clearly, gliding animals do not require tall trees for their activities. In addition, many gliding animals begin their glides from the middle of tree trunks, not even ascending to the tops of trees to take off.A second theory, which we might call the broken-forest hypothesis, speculates that the top layer of the forest-the tree canopy has fewer woody vines connecting tree crowns in Southeast Asian forests than in New World and African forests. As a result, animals must risk descending to the ground or glide to move between trees. In addition, the tree canopy is presumed to be more uneven in height in Asian forests, due to the presence of the tall dipterocarp trees with lower trees between them, again favoring gliding animals. Yet ecologists who work in different regions of the world observe tremendous local variation in tree height, canopy structure, and abundance of vines, depending on the site conditions of soil, climate, slope elevation, and local disturbance. One can find many locations in Southeast Asia where there are abundant woody vines and numerous connections between trees and similarly many Amazonian forests with few woody vines.A final theory differs from the others in suggesting that it is the presence of dipterocarp trees themselves that is driving the evolution of gliding species. (A) According to this view. Dipterocarp forests can be food-deserts for the animals that live in them. (B) The animals living in dipterocarp forests that have evolved gliding consist of two main feeding groups: leaf eaters and carnivores that cat small prey such as insects and small vertebrates. (C) For leaf-eating gliders the problem is not the absence of any leaves but the desert-like absence of edible leaves. Dipterocarp trees often account for 50 percent or more of the total number of canopy trees in a forest and over 95 percent of the large trees, yet dipterocarp leaves are unavailable to most vertebrate plant eaters because of the high concentration of toxic chemicals in their leaves. (D) Many species of gliding animals avoid eating dipterocarp leaves and so must travel widely through the forest, bypassing the dipterocarp trees, to find the leaves they need to eat. And gliding is a more efficient manner of traveling between trees than descending to the ground and walking or else jumping between trees.Many carnivorous animals also may need to search more widely for food due to the lower abundance of insects and other prey. This is caused by dipterocarp’ irregular flowering and fruiting cycles of two-to seven-year intervals, causing a scarcity of the flowers, fruits, seeds, and seedlings that are the starting point of so many food chains. The lower abundance of prey in dipterocarp forests forces animals such as lizards and geckos to move between tree crowns in search of food, with gliding being the most efficient means.61. According to paragraph 1, what question about gliding species are researchers trying to answer?62. According to paragraph 1, it is generally thought that the ability to glide is useful to forest-dwelling species because gliding .63. The word “scattered” in the passage is closest in meaning to .64. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 in support of the tall-trees hypothesis EXCFPT: __.65. Select the TWO answer choices that point to flaws in the tall-tree hypothesis, according to paragraph 2. To receive credit, you must Select TWO answers.

The year 1995 was heralded as the beginning of the “New Economy.” Digital communication was set to upend markets and change everything. But economists by and large didn’t buy into the hype. It wasn’t that we didn’t recognize that something changed. It was that we recognized that the old economics lens remained useful for looking at the changes taking place. The economics of the “New Economy” could be described at a high level: Digital technology would cause a reduction in the cost of search and communication. This would lead to more search, more communication, and more activities that go together with search and communication. That’s essentially what happened.Today we are seeing similar hype about machine intelligence. But once again, as economists, we believe some simple rules apply. Technological revolutions tend to involve some important activity becoming cheap, like the cost of communication or finding information. Machine intelligence is, in its essence, a prediction technology, so the economic shift will center around a drop in the cost of prediction.The first effect of machine intelligence will be to lower the cost of goods and services that rely on prediction. This matters because prediction is an input to a host of activities including transportation, agriculture, healthcare, energy manufacturing, and retail.When the cost of any input falls so precipitously, there are two other well-established economic implications. First, we will start using prediction to perform tasks where we previously didn’t. Second, the value of other things that complement prediction will rise.As machine intelligence lowers the cost of prediction, we will begin to use it as an input for things for which we never previously did. For example, with the technological advance in semiconductors, the cost of calculation dropped significantly, so activities for which arithmetic was a key input became much cheaper. Consequently, in photography, we shifted from a film-oriented, chemistry-based approach to a digital-oriented, arithmetic-based approach.When the cost of a foundational input plummets, it often affects the value of other inputs. The value goes up for complements and down for substitutes. In the case of photography, the value of the hardware and software components associated with digital cameras went up as the cost of arithmetic dropped because demand increased—we wanted more of them. These components were complements to arithmetic; they were used together. In contrast, the value of film—related chemicals fell—we wanted less of them.As machine intelligence improves, the value of human prediction skills will decrease because machine prediction will provide a cheaper and better substitute for human prediction, just as machines did for arithmetic. However, this does not spell doom for human jobs, as many experts suggest. That’s because the value of human judgment skills will increase. Using the language of economics, judgment is a complement to prediction and therefore when the cost of prediction falls demand for judgment rises. We’ll want more human judgment.For example, when prediction is cheap, diagnosis will be more frequent and convenient, and thus we’ll detect many more early-stage, treatable conditions. This will mean more decisions will be made about medical treatment, which means greater demand for the application of ethics, and for emotional support, which are provided by humans. The line between judgment and prediction isn’t clear cut—some judgment tasks will even be reframed as a series of predictions. Yet, overall the value of prediction-related human skills will fall, and the value of judgment-related skills will rise.56. The highlighted word “hype” in Paragraph 2 may be best interpreted as .57. According to the consequences of machine intelligence, which one of the following statements is NOT true?58. In Paragraph 5, the author mentions semiconductor in order to .59. The influence of machine intelligence upon human activities is that .60. The most suitable title for this message for this passage is .

The old paradigm of universities as self-contained villages is being shattered by new technologies and new societal values, according to the contributors to The University in Transformation.The conventional wisdom that it takes a small village—the college campus—to produce a college graduate underlies the basic structure of most universities today. This mode has changed surprisingly little from that which emerged 1,000 years ago in medieval Europe, Professors lecture, students listen, ask questions, and are tested on how well they remember their professors’ words. But a millennium later, times have changed. Like it or not. The thousand-year-old ideal of the campus as a village-paced community for scholarship, discussion, and research is eroding. Competing models are beginning to emerge, incorporating new technologies, new forms of organization, and new social goals.The University in Transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow’s universities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today: For instance, why should higher education cost so much, when information now can be so easily and cheaply shared through the Internet and other computer-based technologies? And why must students register exclusively at one institution to pursue a degree, rather than freely take courses for credit when and wherever they best meet their own particular needs?The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet Unity-a voluntary community of scholar/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, efficient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the world’s great libraries.Yet the Internet University poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a “college education in a box” could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving them out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content-or other dangers-will necessarily follow. Counter movements are also at work.Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become “if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?”Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow’s university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programs for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would function much like today’s faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them. A third new role for faculty, and in Gidley’s view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismatic sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems.51. About the basic structure of universities, which one of the following statements is TRUE?52. When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University, .53. Which of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University?54. According to the review, what should be the fundamental mission of university education?55. Judging from the three new roles envisioned for tomorrow’s university faculty, university teachers .

We’ll ______ you for any damage done to your house while we are in it.

Oil companies in the U.S. are already beginning to feel the pressure. Refinery workers and petroleum-equipment-manufacturing employees are being ______.

Under the present system, state enterprises must ______ all profits to the government.

I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend ______ differently when you were in trouble.

We could not have succeeded ______ your help.

It has been raining for a day, but even though it , we there by tomorrow.

After he was praised for what he had done, he said, “I ______ even better under harder conditions.”

—I will be waiting for you at home.— ______ I were busy and couldn’t come?

They were abroad during the month when we were carrying out the investigation, or they ______ to our help

The ______ cycle of life and death is a subject of interest to scientists and philosophers alike.

Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into ______ ones.

Mr. Smith became very ______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.

Among all the changes resulting from the ______ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.

For many patients, institutional care is the most ______ and beneficial form of care.

When I said goodbye to her, she ______ the door.

We are writing to the manager ______ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.

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