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(1) Can a person consider himself a thinking, creative, responsible citizen and not care about history? Can an institution that proposes to foster such attributes do so without including history in its curriculum? Many college students would answer such a question with an immediate “Yes!” But those who are quick to answer do so without reflecting on what history truly is and how and why it is important.History is boring, complain many students. Unfortunately, a lot of people pick up a bad taste of history from the primary and secondary schools. (2) Too many lower-level history courses (and college level, too) are rife with rote memorization of dates and events deemed important by the teacher and textbooks, coupled with monotone lectures that could induce comas in hyper active children. (3) Instead of simply making students memorize when Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese, teachers should concentrate on instilling an understanding of why the Japanese felt they had no alternative but to attack the United States. History is a discipline of understanding, not memorization.Another common complaint is that history is unimportant. (4) But even the most fanatic anti-history students, if they were honest, would have to admit that history is important at least within the narrow confines of their own disciplines of study. Why be an artist if you are merely going to repeat the past (and probably not as expertly, since you would have to spend your time formulating theories Revolution again?) (5) How could anyone hope to be a mathematician, or a scientist, without knowing the field’s history? Even a genius needs a base from which to build. History helps provide that base.

The newspaper must provide for the reader objectively selected facts; But in these days of complex news it must provide interpretation, the meaning of the facts.However, the opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor should confine themselves _1_ the “facts”: This insistence _2_ two questions: What are the facts? Are the bare facts enough?As to the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects _3_ fifty facts; out of these fifty his space _4_ being necessarily restricted, he selects ten _5_ he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall _6_ the lead of the piece. (This is an important decision because many readers do not _7_ beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, _8_ on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike _9_ involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling _10_ their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.

To survive, psychologically as well as physically, human being must inhabit a world that is relatively free of ambiguity and reasonably predictable. Some sort of structure must be placed upon the endless profusion of incoming signals. The infant, born into a world of flashing, hissing, moving images, soon learns to adapt by resolving this chaos into toys and tables, dogs and parents. Even adults who have had their vision or hearing restored through surgery describe the world as a frightening and sometimes unbearable experience; only after days of effort are they able to transform blur and noise into meaningful and therefore manageable experiences.It is commonplace to talk as if the world “has” meaning, to ask what “is” the meaning of a phrase, a gesture, a painting, a contract. Yet when thought about, it is clear that events are devoid of meaning until someone assigns it to them. There is no appropriate response to a bow or a handshake, a shout or a whisper, until it is interpreted. A drop of water and the color red have no meaning, they simply exist. The aim of human perception is to make the world intelligible so that it can be managed successfully; the attribution of meaning is a prerequisite to and preparation for action.People are never passive receivers, merely absorbing events of obvious significance, but are active in assigning meaning to sensation. What any event acquired in the way of meaning appears to reflect a transaction between what is there to be seen or heard, and what the interpreter brings to it in the way of past experience and prevailing motive. Thus the attribution of meaning is always a creative process by which the raw data of sensation are transformed to fit the aims of the observer.The diversity of reactions that can be triggered by a single experience—meeting a stranger, negotiating a contract, attending a textile conference—is immense. Each observer is forced to see it through his own eyes, interpret it in the light of his own values, fit it to the requirements of his own circumstances. As a consequence, every object and message is seen by every observer from a somewhat different perspective. Each person will note some features and neglect others. Each will accept sonic relations among the facts and deny others. Each will arrive at some conclusion, tentative or certain, as the sounds and forms resolve into a “temple” or “barn”, a “compliment” or “insult”.1.It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that .2.In order to assign meaning to anything in the world, one needs to .3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?4.The author’s main purpose in writing this article is to .

Perhaps all criminals should be required to carry cards which read “Fragile: Handle with Care”. It will never do, these days, to go around referring to criminal as violent thugs. You must refer to them politely as “social misfits” (不能适应社会的人). The professional killer who wouldn’t think twice about using his club or knife to batter some harmless old lady to death in order to rob her of her meager life savings must never be given a dose of his own medicine. He is in need of “hospital treatment”. According to his misguided defenders, society is to blame. A wicked society breeds evil—or so the argument goes. When you listen to this kind of talk, it makes you wonder why we aren’t all criminals. We have done away with the absurdly harsh laws of the nineteenth century and this is only right. But surely enough is enough. The most senseless piece of criminal legislation in Britain and a number of other countries has been the suspension of capital punishment.The violent criminal has become a kind of hero-figure in our time. He is glorified on the screen; he is pursued by the press and paid vast sum of money for his memories. Newspapers which specialize in crime reporting enjoy enormous circulations and the publishers of trashy cops and robbers stories or murder mysteries have never had it so good. When you read about the achievements of the great train robbers, it makes you wonder whether you are reading about some glorious resistance movement. The hardened criminal is cuddled and cosseted by the sociologists on the one hand and adored as a hero by the masses on the other. It’s no wonder he is a privileged person who expects and receives VIP treatment wherever he goes.Capital punishment used to be a major deterrent. It made the violent robber think twice before pulling the trigger. It gave the coldblooded poisoner something to ponder about while he was shaking up or serving his arsenic cocktail. It prevented unarmed policemen from being killed while pursuing their duty by killers armed with automatic weapons. Above all, it protected the most vulnerable members of society, young children, from brutal violence. It is horrifying to think that the criminal can literally get away with murder. We all know that “life sentence” does not mean what it says. After ten years or so of good conduct, the most desperate villain is free to return to society where he will live very comfortably, thank you, on the proceeds of his crime, or he will go on committing offences until he is caught again. People are always willing to hold liberal views at the expense of others. It’s always fashionable to pose as the defender of the under-dog, so long as you, personally, remain unaffected. Did the defenders of crime, one wonders, in their desire for fair play, consult the victims before the suspended capital punishment? Hardly, you see; they couldn’t, because all the victims were dead.1.According to the passage, which of the following is the author’s opinion?2.The tone taken by the author towards these defenders of crime in the passage is ________.3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?4.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly lo targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starling to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.1.What do we learn about the present web business?2.Established partners are preferred in web business because .3.Net purists are most worried that .4.What can be inferred about Amazon.com?

For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called “human nature”. The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology (人类学). The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate (天生的) human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to “human nature” in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying. Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably ties in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.1.The traditional view of “human nature” was strongly challenged by .2.According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings .3.The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker in order to .4.The word “untenable” in the last paragraph (Line 4) of the passage most probably means .

To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is if pored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do.” Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket (叫嚷) is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more attention and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players, while some other person may most influence his approach to books. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads lo success.1.For a child the first element in his learning is .2.Apart from achieving his desired result, a child should also learn to .3.Children tend to imitate the models .4.“An identifying figure” (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person .

Some scientists are dubious of the claim that organisms （）with age as an inevitable outcome of living.

Apart from philosophical and legal reasons for respecting patients' wishes, there are several practical reasons why doctors should （）to involve patients in their own medical care decisions.

Lighting can be used not only to create an atmosphere, but also to （）features of the house, such as ornaments or pictures.

The actual process by which coal is extracted is well（）, if you get the chance and are willing to take the trouble.

Anyone not paying the registration fee by the end of this month will be （）to have withdrawn from the program.

He said that ending the agreement would （）the future of small or family-run shops,lead to fewer books being published and increase prices of all but a few bestsellers.

We are writing to the manager （）the repairs recently carried out at the above address.

At first everything went well with the project but recently we have had a number of （）with the machinery.

Since John has such an （）to flying, I am certain that he will not want to go to Britain with us.

The London Marathon is a difficult race, ________ thousands of runners participate every year.

No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; （）is this more true than in Europe.

Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert （）it means standing in a queue all night.

Fewer and fewer of today's workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, （）the same company.

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