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许多事情不与朋友分享，就无法自得其乐，而读书则可以。独坐家中，却得以周游世界，了解千万事端的缘由。活在当世，却可以与千万年前的先人对话。通过阅读，增长阅历；哪怕是万里之外、相隔千年，也能感受到他人对人生的感悟。其乐融融，唯有读书能赋予。未能从读书中享受到乐趣的人，乃贫乏之人；从读书中享受最大乐趣的人，是获得最大幸福的人。

(1) A dynamic view sees the pluses of change as well as the minuses. And it appreciates how new, unforeseen technologies or social changes can allay current problems. By contrast, the environmental movement has been built on crisis.Contrary to the doomsayers, both past anti present, people have a knack for innovating their way out of “crises”—if they have both the permission and the incentive to do so.(2) We find that people developed petroleum as whale oil became scarce, that farmers turned to drip irrigation as water prices rose, and that drivers bought fuel-efficient cars when gas prices went up.(3) To a large degree, green ideology is not about facts. It is about values, and the environment movement is about enforcing those values through political action—(4) “Greenpolitics,” write British greens Jonathan Porritt and David Winner, “demands a wholly new ethic in which violent, plundering human kind abandons its destructive ways, recognizes its dependence on Planet Earth, and starts living on a more equal footing with the rest of nature… (5) The danger lies not only in the odd maverick (一意孤行者) polluting factory, industry, or technology, but in the fundamental nature of our economic systems. It is industrialism itself—a super-ideology, embraced by the capitalist West which threatens us.

A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources-and labor supply-all these were important _1_ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. But they were not enough. Something _2_ was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men _3_ individuals who could invent machines, find new sources of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society.The men who _4_ the machines of the Industrial-Revolution came from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were _5_ inventors than scientist. A man who is a _6_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research accurately. He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used.An inventor or one interested in applied science is _7_ trying to make something that has a concrete use. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories of science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a _8_ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of many other objectives.Most of the people who _9_ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _10_ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years before.

A large portion of the population prefers the non-medication orientation of psychology. If psychologists began prescribing medications, many of their patients seeking alternative treatment might turn to social workers or other non-medical therapists. There is little question that psychologists’ prescription privileges could have profound effects on the future direction of their profession.In addition to improved esteem, psychologists have argued that prescription privileges will bring them greater financial rewards. Data presented by the American Psychiatric Association revealed that psychiatrists engaging solely in psycho-therapeutic interventions earn approximately one-third of what psychiatrists do who evaluate and medicate patients. The temptation of financial rewards may lure psychologists to abandon traditional psychotherapeutic interventions in favor of a medical model. It should be noted, though, that psychologists are out-producing psychiatrists by about threefold, strong evidence that the general public prefers a psycho-therapeutic approach over a medical one.Some psychologists argue that gaining the right to prescribe psychotropic medication would eliminate the need for two practitioners and alleviate the added financial burden placed upon the patients. In the case of psychologists whose caseloads are high gaining prescription privileges may raise questions as to whether they should refer patients to a non-prescribing mental health professional for therapy because these psychologists increasingly arc focusing on evaluations and medication, thus limiting their time for psycho-therapeutic interventions. Psychotropic medications are not purported to cure mental disorders and. in most cases, such drugs are utilized in conjunction with therapy as the best approach to treating patients.Legal and ethical issues associated with psychologists’ prescribing privileges will depend upon the level of practice they pursue. In the past, psychologists had been relatively immune from malpractice liability. Allegations that improper care caused injury are more difficult to prove when psychotherapy is the treatment of choice because the standards often are ambiguous and mental injury is difficult to ascertain. When psychopharmacology is the treatment of choice, the standard of care is clearer and the likelihood of physical harm is greater, thereby making it easier for plaintiffs to prove their allegations. Psychiatric malpractice rates currently are up to 24 times higher than psychological malpractice coverage, depending upon the state.1.The author mentioned data presented by the American Psychiatric Association (Paragraph 2) in order to ___.2.It seems that if psychologists began prescribing medications _.3.Malpractice allegations would increase once psychologists gained the right to prescribe because _.4.The author implies that ___.

Why in an age of technology, should so many people still cling to an ancient belief? In part it must be because astrology (星术) claims to tell us something about ourselves, and all of us are interested in ourselves. I think it is because astrology is presented as if it were a science by its modem practitioner, and many people are misled by this.In fact, astrology was never a science. It was not a hypothesis or theory developed to describe natural phenomena, and until fairly recent times, there was no attempt to test or verify its predictions. Astrology began approximately three thousand years ago in Babylonia, it was applied to monarchs and kingdoms, but not to individuals. It spread in the 6th century BC as far as India, where it flourishes today. The Egyptians, meanwhile, developed their own kind of astrology. But the astrology now practiced in Europe and America is that developed by the Greeks, who synthesized the ideas of Babylonians and Egyptians and enriched them with concepts from their own fertile imaginations. The Greeks believed that the earth was composed of four elements, and the heavens of a perfect crystalline material. The planet themselves were variously thought to be gods, residences of gods, or at least manifestations of gods. The gods were immortal, but otherwise had the same attributes of anger, happiness, jealousy, rage and pleasure as we do. Now if what the gods' thought was capricious (变化无常的), at least the planets were predictable in their movements. Because our own lot in life is so unpredictable, it must be purely at the mercy of gods. But if the gods are the planets, or somehow associated with them, then we have only to learn the rules of the motions of the planets to understand the whims of the gods and how they shape our own lives. So the belief developed that each of our lives is preordained by the precise configuration of the planets in the sky at the lime of our birth.Astrology could not, of course, have seemed as incredible to the ancients as it does to us. The role of the sun influencing our daily and yearly lives is obvious; it was a natural extension to attribute other powers to the other planets as well. It wasn’t until the time of Newton that we understood that the laws of Nature apply to the celestial worlds as well as to the terrestrial one. During antiquity, however, all great scholars believed in astrology.1.Many people are misled by astrology because it is presented by the practitioners as _.2.It is implied that astrology is based on the belief that _.3.Which of the following is TRUE about the scholars before the time of Newton?4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studies.In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that their questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families. Without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, African American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to _.2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more _.4.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE of the ethnic minority families in the U.S?

Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus (刺激物) that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile (侧面). This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, they do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode (把……编码) or decode (解码) meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined：speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then dance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will stop the conversation. Just how critical this eye contacting is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes clear when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.1.Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ___.2.According to the passage the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner’s neck because _.3.According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to _.4.To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ___.

The accountant （）thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to be its best funder raiser.

Without the friction between the feet and the ground, people would （）be able to walk.

A healthy diet includes lots of （）natural food with plenty of proteins and vitamins.

There are several （）between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.

To everybody’s surprise, the referee took a （）view of the foul and did not punish the player at all.

This week ten top designers will （）their autumn collections at the fashion fair.

She was an experienced traveler who had （）both Africa and Europe in her twenties.

Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from （）the savages of time.

Jack （）the problem in his mind for two days before he did something about it.

He was punished （）he should make the same mistake again.

Much （）I liked Jane, I hated the superior tone that she sometimes took with me.

He tried to hide his （）patch by sweeping his hair over to one side.

Police believe that many burglars are amateurs who would flee if an alarm sounded or lights（）.

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