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Those that experience a failed marriage feel like failures on their own. They feel that they should have been able to do something different to make the marriage（1）. They may have been betrayed by an affair,（2）still feel as if it is their fault. Therapy can help someone work（3）feelings like that if they persist. Many see a failed marriage as a personal failure, and that can be hard to get（4）, even as a few years have gone by and they have moved on to a new relationship. This is（5）that never really goes away — but that does not mean you cannot learn how to deal with it in a（6）manner.Those that did not see the divorce coming are going to be hardest hit by（7）is happening. While the other spouse was pulling away, they may not have had any（8）that their partner was hurting or wishing to be out of the marriage. For them, dealing with the failed marriage is going to be very hard, and they are going to try everything to （9）it. At times, this can be done, but not（10）. Prepare for this if you are the one that wanted the（11）. Understand where they are coming from and you can avoid a lot of（12）and hard feelings in the future. That is very important if you have children together.Going through a failed marriage is never easy on anyone, even if it appears to you that your spouse is（13）or moving on much sooner than you ever thought they could. Get help dealing with your feelings if you find that you （14）cannot find a reason for what happened and you cannot move on（15）some type of closure or clarity about your failed marriage.Remember, not all marriages are going to last no matter what happens, but that does not mean you cannot find another partner and take your lesson from your first marriage with you to ensure this does not happen to you again.

There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources, that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation — a risky and expensive budget item — might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（）.2.According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century（）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author（）.4.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?5.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?

It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First, there is the market segment — people who need the commodity in question. Second, there is the program target — people in the market segment with the “best fit” characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally there is the program audience — all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs occasionally in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling (marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified, and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target and only members of the program target — to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing — a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience — remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.1.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?2.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?3.Which of the following best exemplifies the situation described in the last two sentences of the passage?4.The passage suggests that which of the following is true about the marketing of industrial products like those discussed in the second paragraph?5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?

In an unfinished but highly suggestive series of essays, the late Sarah Eisenstein has focused attention on the evolution of working women’s values from the turn of the century to the First World War. Eisenstein argues that turn-of-the-century women neither wholly accepted nor rejected what she calls the dominant “ideology of domesticity”, but rather took this and other available ideologies — feminism, socialism, trade unionism — and modified or adapted them in light of their own experiences and needs. In thus maintaining that wages — work helped to produce a new “consciousness” among women. Eisenstein to some extent challenges the recent, controversial proposal by Leslie Tentler that for women the work experience only served to reinforce the attractiveness of the dominant ideology. According to the Tentler, the degrading conditions under which many female wage earners worked made them view the family as a source of power and esteem available nowhere else in their social world. In contrast, Eisenstein’s study insists that wage-work had other implications for women’s identities and consciousness. Most importantly, her work aims to demonstrate that wage-work enabled women to become aware of themselves as a distinct social group capable of defining their collective circumstance. Eisenstein insists that as a group working-class women were not able to come to collective consciousness of their situation until they began entering the labor force, because domestic work tended to isolate them from one another.Unfortunately, Eisenstein’s unfinished study does not develop these ideas in sufficient depth or detail, offering tantalizing hints rather than an exhaustive analysis. Whatever Eisenstein’s overall plan may have been, in its current form her study suffers from the limited nature of the sources she depended on. She uses the speeches and writings of reformers and labor organizers, who she acknowledges were far from representative, as the voice of the typical woman worker. And there is less than adequate attention given to the differing values of immigrant groups that made up a significant proportion of the population under investigation. While raising important questions, Eisenstein’s essays do not provide definitive answer, and it remains for others to take up the challenges they offer.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that, in Eisenstein’s view, working women at the turn of the century had which of the following attitudes toward the dominant ideology of their time?3.Which of the following would the author of the passage be most likely to approve as a continuation of Eisenstein’s study?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Virtual assistants — mostly women — are increasingly being used as a way of keeping the modern workplace functioning amid a shift away from full-time support staff. Their emergence reflects a shift in female working practices as well as a general squeeze on spending.For the first time in the UK, mothers raising children are more likely to have jobs than women without young families, according to the latest UK figures from the Office for National Statistics. Employment rates among women with childcare responsibilities stand at 69.6 percent, compared with 67.5 percent for women without.The growth in the use of virtual assistants is partly demand-led. Time Etc, whose clients pay £19- £27 per hour, has been offering its services since 2007 and has grown to a size that makes it something of a bellwether for this service sector niche, complete with a US arm.But some of the growth is supply-led too, by women who enjoy the work of being a PA, but not the lengthy commute or the long office hours. With email, internet and Skype at their disposal, there are few tasks that they did in the office which cannot be done remotely, on a self-employed basis and from the comfort of their home.Many of Ms Malagueira’s clients are sole traders unwilling to take on a full-time personal assistant. Not all are male. “I’ve worked for a few women too, some with high-powered jobs and families who need someone to make up a short list of nannies or cleaners that they can interview.”Choosing a career as a virtual assistant does involve some sacrifice, admits Ms. Stubblefield. “I don’t get paid as much now as I did when I was a PA, though I save on travel and food.” There is another downside to leaving the usual nine-to-five day behind. “Most of my communication is by email so I miss the banter and chat over coffee. But I don’t miss the office politics.”

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deed continue keep consistent evade greet barrier when collaborative share earn belief part ourselves butIn many ways, trust is the glue that holds us together, in turn making our interactions work more smoothly. We buy and sell things to other people via eBay and the transaction is based on trust. We get into other people’s cars with a service like Uber or let strangers stay in our homes with Airbnb, and that requires taking a big leap of faith. We provide very personal data about（1）to companies like Fitbit or Apple and trust that they will（2）the data safe and secure. We work in（3）teams in our offices and trust that our colleagues will pull their weight and do good work. Almost every time we interact with one another it comes with a certain amount of（4）that the people or businesses we deal with are trustworthy. But trust is（5）through hard work and actions, not simply good intentions. Demonstrating trustworthiness has to be（6）of the very DNA of a company. It must be proven not only by word but also by（7）, from the boardroom and executive team through to the shop front, the factory floor, and the person who（8）staff and clients as they walk through the doors.One of the biggest（9）to building trust is secrecy or dissembling. No doubt, some things must be kept confidential in business（10）there are ways a company can be clear about its practices without revealing confidential information. If you want people to trust you or your company, you must be willing to（11）at least some of the information that feeds into the decisions you are making. Transparency is particularly important（12）there is a need to rebuild trust. For example, the banking sector has recently made big statements about impending reform, but their conduct（13）to run counter to the many promises that were made. Most recently we’ve seen the bank hitting the headlines for allegedly aiding its clients to（14）paying tax. This pattern of behavior continues to erode trust, and rebuilding it becomes more difficult over time. People need to see real and（15）action and know that the people who are responsible for maleficence and oversight are actually held to account and that business practices actually change as a result. Even then, it will take time and concerted effort to rebuild the trust lost by reckless action in the past.

GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINKElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analyzing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group — are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age — dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema — are also troubling fewer and fewer people.It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing, says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. These may be subtle influences, says Manton, but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect.One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today’ population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when need it.“Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,” says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of those simple factors. “The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,” she says.Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below. Write the correct letter, A-H in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1. Home medical aids（）.2. Regular amounts of exercise（）.3. Feelings of control over life（）.4. Feelings of loneliness（）.

GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINKElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analyzing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group — are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age — dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema — are also troubling fewer and fewer people.It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing, says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. These may be subtle influences, says Manton, but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect.One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today’ population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when need it.“Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,” says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of those simple factors. “The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,” she says.Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 1-10 on your answer sheet.Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is（1）and that the speed of this change is（2）. It also seems that these diseases are affecting people（3）in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in（4）but other factors such as improved（5）may also be playing a part. Increases in some other （6）may be due to changes in personal habits and to（7）. The research establishes a link between levels of（8）and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are（9）which means that the（10）involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.

During the adolescence, the development of political ideology becomes apparent in the individual; ideology here is defined as the presence of roughly consistent attitudes, more or less organized in reference to a more encompassing, though perhaps tacit, set of general principles. As such, political ideology is dim or absent at the beginning of adolescence. Its acquisition by the adolescent, in even the most modest sense, requires the acquisition of relatively sophisticated cognitive skills: the ability to manage abstractness, to synthesize and generalize, to imagine the future. These arc accompanied by a steady advance in the ability to understand principles.The child’s rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence. By knowledge I mean more than the dreary “facts”, such as the composition of county government, that the child is exposed to in the conventional ninth-grade civics course. Nor do I mean only information on current political realities. These are facets of knowledge, but they are less critical than the adolescent’s absorption, often unwitting, of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding, for example, what the state can “appropriately” demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the “proper” relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches. Thus, political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts. Much of the naivete that characterizes the younger adolescent’s grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of “facts” but from an incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system, of what is and not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done.Yet I do not want to overemphasize the significance of increased political knowledge in forming adolescent ideology. Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition, has been misled about the tempo of political understanding in adolescence. Just as young children can count members in series without grasping the principle of ordination, young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information.Like magpies, children’s minds pick up bits and pieces of data. If you encourage them, they will drop these at your feet — republicans and Democrats, the tripartite division of the federal system, perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts. But until the adolescent has grasped the encompassing function that concepts and principles provide, the data remain fragmented, random, disordered.1.The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to（）.2.According to the author, which of the following contributes to the development of political ideology during adolescence?3.The passage suggests that, during early adolescence, a child would find which of the following most difficult to understand?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statement about schools?5.Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of the accumulation of political knowledge by adolescents?6.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the author’s discussion of the role of political knowledge in the formation of political ideology during adolescence?

A majority taken collectively may be regarded as a being whose opinions and, most frequently, whose interests are opposed to those of another being, which is styled a minority. If it is admitted that a man possessing absolute power may misuse that power by wronging his adversaries, why should a majority not be liable to the same reproach? Men are not apt to change their characters by agglomeration; nor does their patience in the presence of obstacles increase with the consciousness of their strength. For these reasons we should not willingly invest any group of our fellows with that unlimited authority which we should refuse to any individual.One social power must always predominate over others, but liberty is endangered when this power is checked by no obstacles which may retard its course and force it to moderate its own vehemence. Unlimited power is in itself a bad and dangerous thing, and no power on earth is so worthy of honor for itself or of reverential obedience to the rights which it represents that we should admit its uncontrolled and all-predominant authority. When the right and means of absolute command are conferred on a people or a king, on an aristocracy or a democracy, a monarchy or a republic, there has been implanted the germ of tyranny.The main evil of the present democratic institutions of the United States does not arise, as is often asserted in Europe, from their weakness, but from their overpowering strength; the excessive liberty which reigns in that country is not so alarming as is the very inadequate security which exists against tyranny.When an individual or a party is wronged in the United States, to whom can he apply for redress? If to the public opinion, public opinion constitutes the majority; if to the legislature, it represents the majority and implicitly obeys its injunctions; if to the executive power, it is appointed by the majority and remains a passive tool in its hands; the public troops consist of the majority under arms; the jury is the majority invested with the right of hearing judicial cases, and in certain states even the judges are elected by the majority. However iniquitous or absurd the evil complained about, no sure barrier is established to defend against it.1.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?2.With which of the following statements would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?3.The author’s treatment of the topic of the passage can best be described as（）.4.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（）.

Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain’s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object’s features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.1.The author is primarily concerned with（）.2.According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?I. A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.II. An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.III. The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is（）.

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