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They are evidence that a（）of evolutionary experimentation was going on at the time, out of which the human lineage somehow emerged.

Following the guidelines for speaking and voting established by the book Robert's Rules of Order,（）during the meeting.

If they’re looking for a（）of information on a page or are engrossed in content, they won’t be distracted by the ads on the side.

During periods of social stability, many art academies are so firmly controlled by dogmatists that all real creative work must be done by the（）.

By creating value, a powerful message, you can get people to come to you, instead of trying to（）them with your message and brand.

Write an essay of about 250 to 300 words on the topic “Cultural Difference and Integration" according to the idea given below in Chinese.不同文化是各民族社会生活存在和发展的外在表现形式，其差异性表现有适应于其文化个性发展的环境、条件和进程，但是国际化的发展使得文化的融合和整合成为必然的趋势，在这一潮流中文化的融合和民族文化的传承和个性发扬似乎是矛盾的存在，谈谈你的看法和主张。

感激是对于每一件善举，无论其大小，表示优雅地接受并欣赏的艺术。我们中的大多数人受到款待，接收礼物和获得明显的好处的时候都不会忘记表达自己的愉悦之情。但即使在此情景下我们都需注意并能够以完善的方式表达之，使其尽可能地显得个性化和体现自己的诚意。感激的艺术首先应该体现在对待小事情上充分体现出来：公共汽车售票员、医院的护士、饭店的女招待还有校园的保洁员——所有这些人都在以不同的方式为我们服务。通过表示感谢我们可以使日常平淡的关系显得更有人情味，让一些单调的任务变得令人愉快。我们所给予的感激永远不会过多，因为我们身边的人都会以我们的微笑构成他们的人生追求和工作的动力。

One factor which must have great relevance here is the undeniable circumstance that the feudalism of Europe and China were fundamentally different. (1) Europe feudalism was military-aristocratic: the peasantry were governed by the knights in their manors, and they in turn were subject to the barons in their castles, while the king in his palace ruled over all. In time of war he needed the help of the lower ranks in the feudal hierarchy who were bound to rally to him with stated numbers of men-at-arms. How different was the feudalism of China, long very justifiably described as bureaucratic. (2) Modern research is showing that the bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science to grow; only in its later ones did it forcibly inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a breakthrough which has occurred in Europe. For example, no other country in the world at the beginning of the eighth century AD could have set up a meridian arc survey stretching from south to north some 2500 miles. (3) Nor could it have mounted an expedition at that time to go and observe the stars of the southern hemisphere to within 20°C degrees of the south celestial pole; nor indeed would it have wanted to.(4) It may well be that a similar pattern will appear in the future when the history of science, technology and medicine, for all the great classical literary cultures, such as India or Sri Lanka, comes to be written and gathered in. Europe has entered into their inheritance, producing an ecumenical universal science and technology valid for every man and woman on the face of the earth. One can only hope that the shortcomings of the distinctively European traditions in other matters will not debauch the non-European civilizations. (5) For example, the sciences of China and of Islam never dreamed of divorcing science from ethics, but when at the Scientific Revolution the final cause of Aristotle was done away with, and ethics chased out of science, things became very different, and more menacing. This was good in so far as it clarified and discriminated between the great forms of human experience, but very bad and dangerous when it opened the way for evil men to use the great discoveries of modern science and activities disastrous for humanity.

Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics, and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However, there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu’s view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established ranges had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant populations. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciation had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus, after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarimbasin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibet, the remaining native fauna and flora multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys, with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold, and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climes, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility in a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival.1.What was the significance of the fact that the Pleistocene glaciation did not wipe out life entirely in the area?2.Which of the following most likely best describes Tibetan “tea”？3.The author's knowledge of Tibet is probably （）.4.According to the passage: which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?5.The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they（）.

As we move into the 21st century the concept of reading was recognized by most as involving a much more complex set of skills than had been understood in the past. Today’s culture requires readers to be able not only to read for pleasure and information but to ask questions of the text, to recognize how the writer tries to position the reader, and to become what is called a “critical” reader.The simple Venn diagram that had been used to depict the language cueing systems in the age of making meaning (Figure below) has evolved to a more complex diagram that includes the impact of culture and context on a reader as well as the roles that the reader must take on in order to be effective.Reading and the teaching of reading have become more complex and reach out across a wider and wider audience, so that we now accept that we are lifelong learners of reading — or, to be more precise, of literacy. We accept that we will learn new skills in new contexts. It is a K-adult curriculum now.However, it is an age when politics and politicians have taken control of the literacy agenda. This is not surprising, as those who don’t have high levels of literacy are more likely to end up on some sort of social support and thus are viewed as a “burden” to society. So, in order to save money in the long-term, it seems politicians have agreed that literacy begins in the early years. And they are finally prepared to support this concept.1.According to the passage, a critical reader should be able to （）.2.From the context of the passage we can infer the possible meaning of “K-adult curriculum (Paragraph 3)” as （）. 3.In the diagram we can infer that the features of text analyst practices mainly involves（）.

In the seventeenth century, people believed that maggots came from decaying things. But Francesco Redi, a scientist, could not believe this. “How could living things come from deal things?”he asked.Redi began to believe that all worms found in the meat were derived from the droppings of flies, and not from the decaying meat. This, of course, was a guess and not a conclusion. Scientists call a good guess like this a “working hypothesis” because it gives the scientist an idea of how and where to start his work.Then Redi began to gather and record facts to find out if his hypothesis was correct. He did this by carrying out many experiments, which were designed to help him get the facts he needed.Redi prepared three jars with a piece of meat in each. He left one open; another was covered with cheesecloth; and the third was airtight. He observed not once, but many times, that the flies flew to the open jar and laid their eggs on the meat.These eggs hatched into maggots. Flies also flew to the jar covered with cheesecloth, although they could not get into the jar to lay their eggs on the meat. Flies rarely flew to the airtight jar. From many such observations, Redi concluded that maggots came from flies’ eggs and not from the meat.Redi was not satisfied with doing just one experiment, Rather, he performed this experiment many times before arriving at his conclusion. In this m“”anner he eliminated the possibility that his results were due to chance (luck). 1.In his experiment Redi left one jar open （）.2.According to the passage, an essential part of proper scientific experimental procedure is to （）. 3.What would scientist Redi probably comment on the theory that life on Earth evolved from basic chemicals present in the Earth’s primitive atmosphere and seas?4.According to the passage, the significance a“working hypothesis” is that it （）.

The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress has been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence, including that of the leading manufacturers of crystalline silicon, that the technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystal-line silicon is the active, element in the very successful semiconductor industry, and virtually all of the solid state devices contain silicon transistors and diodes. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells.Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single-crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials such as gallium arsenide can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them practical for commercial use. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high quality single crystals; but to date efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This dilemma can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they have only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystals can be grown as wafers about four inches in diameter, amorphous materials can be grown over large areas in a single process. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, only 1 micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of $100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50c per square foot.Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous material with efficiencies.1.The author is primarily concerned with （）.2.The author mentions recent attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon primarily in order to （）. 3.Which of the following pairs of terms does the author regard as most nearly synonymous?4.The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for（）.

As befits a nation made up of immigrants from all over the Christian world, Americans have no distinctive Christmas symbols; but we have taken the symbols of all the nations and made them our own. The Christmas tree, the holly and the ivy, the mistletoe, the exchange of gifts, the myth of Santa Claus, and the carols of all nations, the plum pudding and the wassail bowl are all elements in the American Christmas of the mid-twentieth century. Though we have no Christmas symbols of our own, the American Christmas still has a distinctive aura by virtue of two characteristic elements.The first of these is that, as might be expected in a nation as dedicated to the carrying on of business as the American nation, the dominant role of the Christmas festivities has become to serve as a stimulus to retail business. The themes of Christmas advertising begin to appear as early as September, and the open season on Christmas shopping begins in November. Fifty years ago, Thanksgiving Day was regarded as the opening day of the season for Christmas shopping; today, the season opens immediately after Halloween. Thus, virtually a whole month has been added to the Christmas season-for shopping purposes.Second, the Christmas season of festivities has insensibly combined with the New Year’scelebration into one lengthened period of Saturnalia. This starts with the “office parties” a few days before Christmas, continues on Christmas Eve, now the occasion in America of one of two large-scale revels that mark the season-save that the Christmas Eve revels are often punctuated by a visit to one of the larger churches for midnight Mass, which has increasingly tended to become blended into a part of the entertainment aspect of the season-and continues in spirited euphoria until New Year’s Eve, the second of the large- scale revels. New Year's Day is spent resting, possibly regretting one’s excesses, watching a football“bowl”game, and indulging in the lenitive of one's choice. January 2 marks, for most, the return to temperance and decorum and business as usual.1.The author’s attitude toward the manner in which Christmas is celebrated in the United States is one of （）.2.Which of the following would be most in accord with the main ideas of the passage?3.What would the author of the passage likely say by way of analysis of the use of Christmas cards by Americans to celebrate Christmas?4.Which of the following can best be inferred from the passage?

I was glad when somebody told me, “You may go and collect Negro folklore.” In a way, it would not be a new (1) for me. When I pitched head foremost into the (2) I landed in the crib of Negroism. It was (3) me like a tight chemise. I couldn’t see it for (4) it. It was only when I was off in college, away from my native surroundings that I could (5) off and look at my garment. Then I had to have the spy-glass of anthropology to (6).I was asked where I (7) to work and I said, “Florida. It’s a place that (8) people — Negroes from (9) Southern state and some from the North and West.” (10) I knew that it was possible for me to get a (11) section of the Negro South in one state. And then I (12) that I felt new myself, so it looked (13) for me to choose familiar ground.I started in Eatonville, Florida, (14) I knew that the town was full of (15) and that I could get it without causing any hurt or harm. As early as I could remember, it was the habit of the men particularly to (16) on the store porch in the evenings and swap stories. Even the women would stop and break a (17) with them at times. As a child when I was sent down to the store, I’d drag out my leaving to hear more.Folklore is not as easy to (18) as it sounds. The ideal source is where there are the fewest outside (19), but these people are reluctant at times to reveal that which the soul lives by. I knew that even I would have some (20) among strangers. But here in Eatonville I knew everybody was going to help me.

While many people utilize homeopathic remedies to treat health problems, other people do not countenance such alternative treatments,（）conventional medical treatments instead.

Our biological uniqueness requires that the effects of a substance must be verified by（）experiments, even after thousands of tests of the effects of that substance on animals.

Despite a tendency to be overtly（）, the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.

Often be before computer, the eye is a bit（）urticant a bit better with the sort of eye-drop, stimulation is small.

There seems to be no（）the reading public’s thirst for books about the 1960’s; indeed, the normal level of interest has increased recently because of a spate of popular television documentaries.

Since the surface of the hole must be stress free, the stress in the（）of the hole must be modified from the uniaxial tension.

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