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After she pulled over to the side of the road, Linda raised the hood of her car（）they might make sure that other drivers knew she had car trouble.

Johnson never scrupled to ignore the standards of decent conduct mandated by company policy if（）compliance with instructions from his superiors enabled him to do so, whatever the effects on his subordinates.

One can’t be a person with upright facial features if filled with envy in his heart, if dishonest, or（）saying.

During periods of social and cultural stability, many art academies are so firmly controlled by（）that all real creative work must be done by the disenfranchised.

Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge（）our thinking.

While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not（）; she concedes the strength of opposing arguments when she exposes weaknesses inherent in her own.

Bill and Jack are twins, Bill prefers social activities whenever he gets a chance, but Jack does like to be alone and quiet,（）that everybody can perceive it.

Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic “Learning and Studying as I See It” according to the idea given below and outlined in Chinese. 求知和探究被古人认为是人生中步履荆棘的历程。王国维先生就有着做学问的三大境界，其一曰“昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼，望尽天涯路”；其二曰“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴”；最后才会“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处”。请结合自己求学的经历或体会，分析你对这个命题的理解和看法。

宇宙间繁星密布，人们以为这之中有一些如我们的太阳一样为行星环绕，而在这些行星上可能存在有智能的生物，或许他们比我们更先进。所以有可能在百万年左右某些生物乘坐自己的飞船穿越太空时，会发现我们的某艘“旅行者（Voyager）”号飞船。星球之间的距离十分遥远，这样的一次相聚可能性极小，但这并不是完全不可能的。科学家希望有机会和我们遥远的邻居传递信息，让他们知道我们这个蓝色的星球曾经是相当聪明的、多少有点文明的人类的家园。

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.The American definition of success is largely one of acquiring wealth and a high material standard of living. It is not surprising, therefore, that Americans value education for its monetary value. The belief is widespread in the United States that the more schooling people have, the more money they will earn when they leave school. （1）The belief is strongest regarding the desirability of an undergraduate university degree,or a professional degree, such as medicine or law, following the undergraduate degree. The monetary value of graduate degrees in "nonprofessional" fields such as art, history, or philosophy is not as great.In recent years there has been a change in the job market in the United States. （2）In the past, it was possible to get a high-paying factory job without a college education; workers with skills learned in vocational schools or on the job could do work that did not require a college education. These were among the jobs that new immigrants were often able to obtain. Increasingly, however, the advent of new technologies has meant that more and more education is required to do the work.（3）Many of the new jobs in the United States either require a college education, even a graduate degree or they are low-paying jobs in the service sector of the economy—such as in fast-food restaurants, small stores, and hotels. Additionally，many jobs are being outsourced to countries where salaries are much lower. （4）This is true of both higher-paying technical jobs and lower-paying jobs requiring limited skills.Because of the importance of higher education, many adults combine working with taking classes at a college. Many public and private colleges and universities are making it easier for students to take classes through distance learning, using the Internet to provide materials and lectures as well as to engage students in discussion. （5）Some students who are living on campus or commuting to classes take at least part of their coursework by distance, but it is also possible for a student to obtain both undergraduate and graduate degrees without ever being on a college campus.

A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electrochemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.After observing the demonstration closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly “It’s a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?”“I don’t know,” replied Faraday, “but I do know that 100 years from now you’ll be taxing them”.From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps are taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the workings of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms, to Hannibal’s remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C, with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a “conveyor belt” of 40 elephants or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, division of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerginprofession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18th-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay’s Flying Shuttle in 1733, James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Crompton’s Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom in 1785.1.The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that （）.2.According to the passage, management is defined as （）. 3.In the passage we can see that management came into its own（）.

Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played—exactly as written — on the piano. A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edvard Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States. Composers like Scott Joplin and lames Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags.It has sometimes been charged that ragtime is mechanical. For instance, Wilfred Mellers comments, “rags were transferred to the pianola roll and, even if not played by a machine, should be played like a machine, with meticulous precision.” However, there is no reason to assume that ragtime is inherently mechanical simply because commercial manufacturers applied a mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way to record pianos at that date. Ragtime’s is not a mechanical precision, and it is not precision limited to the style of performance. It arises from ragtime’s following a well-defined form and obeying simple rules within that form.The classic formula for the piano rag disposes three to five themes in sixteenth-bar strains, often organized with repeats. The rag opens with a bright, memorable strain or theme, followed by a similar theme, leading to a trio of marked lyrical character, with the structure concluded by a lyrical strain that parallels the rhythmic developments of the earlier themes. The aim of the structure is to rise from one theme to another in a stair-step manner, ending on a note of triumph or exhilaration.Typically, each strain is divided into two 8-bar segments that are essentially alike, so the rhythmic-melodic unit of ragtime is only eight bars of 2/4 measure. Therefore, themes must be brief with clear, sharp melodic figures. Not concerned with development of musical themes, the ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact, in finished form, and links it to various related themes. Tension in ragtime compositions arises from a polarity between two basic ingredients: a continuous bass ― called by jazz musicians a boom-chick bass—in the pianist’s left hand, and its melodic, syncopated counterpart in the right hand.Ragtime remains distinct from jazz both as an instrumental style and as a genre. Ragtime style stresses a pattern of repeated rhythms, not the constant inventions and variations of jazz. As a genre, ragtime requires strict attention to structure, not inventiveness or virtuosity. It exists as a tradition, a set of conventions, a body of written scores, separate from the individual players associated with it. In this sense ragtime is more akin to folk music of the nineteenth century than to jazz.1.According to the passage, each of the following is a characteristic of ragtime compositions that follow the classic ragtime formula EXCEPT（）.2.The author rejects the argument that ragtime is a mechanical music because that argument （）. 3.It can be inferred from the passage that the essential nature of ragtime has been obscured by commentaries based on （）. 4.Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?

The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases. There are about ten chemical elements which remain permanently in gaseous form in the atmosphere under all natural conditions. Of these permanent gases, oxygen makes up about 21 percent and nitrogen about 78 percent. Several other gases, such as argon, carbon dioxide: hydrogen, neon, kiypton and xenon, comprise the remaining one percent of the volume of dry air. The amount of water vapor and its variations in amount and distribution is of extraordinary importance in weather changes. Atmospheric gases hold in suspension great quantities of dust, pollen, smoke, and other impurities which are always present in considerable, but variable amounts.The atmosphere has no definite upper limits but gradually thins until it becomes imperceptible. Until recently it was assumed that the air above the first few miles gradually grew thinner and colder at a constant rate. It was also assumed that upper air had little influence on weather changes. Recent studies of the upper atmosphere, currently being conducted by earth satellites and missile probing, have shown these assumptions to be incorrect. The atmosphere has three well-defined strata.The layer of the air next to the earth, which extends upward for about ten miles, is known as the troposphere. On the whole, it makes up about 75 percent of all the weight of the atmosphere. It is the warmest part of the atmosphere because most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the earth’s surface which warms the air immediately surrounding it. A steadydecrease of temperature with increasing elevation is a most striking characteristic. The upper layers are colder because of their greater distance from the earth’s surface and rapid radiation of heat into space. The temperatures within the troposphere decrease about 3.5 degrees per 1,000 feet increase in altitude. Within the troposphere, winds and air currents distribute heat and moisture. Strong winds, called jet streams, are located at the upper levels of the troposphere. These jet streams are both complex and widespread in occurrence. They normally show a wave-shaped pattern and move from west to east at velocities of 150 mph, but velocities as high as 400 mph have been noted. The influences of changing locations and strengths of jet streams upon weather conditions and patterns are no doubt considerable. Current intensive research may eventually reveal their true significance.Above the troposphere to a height of about 50 miles is a zone called the stratosphere. The stratosphere is separated from the troposphere by a zone of uniform temperatures called the tropopause. Within the lower portions of the stratosphere is a layer of ozone gases which filters out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer varies with air pressure. If this zone were not there, the full blast of the sun's ultraviolet light would burn our skins, blind our eyes, and eventually result in our destruction. Within the stratosphere, the temperature and atmospheric composition are relatively uniform.The layer upward of about 50 miles is the most fascinating but the least known of the three strata. It is called the ionosphere because it consists of electrically charged particles called ions, thrown from the sun. The northern lights (aurora borealis) originate within this highly charged portion of the atmosphere. Its effect upon weather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown.1.A jet plane will usually have its best average rate of speed on its run from （）.2.At the top of Jungfrau, which towers 12,000 feet above the town of Interlaken in Switzerland, the temperature is usually （）. 3.Life as we know it exists on the earth because the atmosphere （）. 4.The troposphere is the warmest part of the atmosphere because it （）. 5.Studies of the atmosphere may reveal（）.

The Cardinal and Daniel de Bosola enter from the right. In appearance, the Cardinal is something between an El Greco cardinal and a Van Dyke noble lord. He has the tall, spare form — the elongated hands and features—of the former; the trim pointed beard, the imperial repose, the commanding authority of the latter. But the El Greco features are not really those of asceticism or inner mystic spirituality. They are the index to a cold, refined but ruthless cruelty in a highly civilized controlled form. Neither is the imperial repose an aloof mood of proud detachment. It is a refined expression of a satanic pride of place and talent. To a degree, the Cardinal’s coldness is artificially cultivated. He has defined himself against his younger brother the Duke and is the opposite to the overwrought emotionality of the latter. But the Cardinal’s aloof mood is not one of bland detachment. It is the deliberate detachment of a methodical man who collects his thoughts and emotions into the most compact and formidable shape ― that when he strikes, he may strike with the more efficient and devastating force. His easy movements are those of the slowly circling eagle just before the swift descent with the exposed talons. Above all else, he is a man who never for a moment doubts his destined authority as a governor. He derisively and sharply rebukes his brother the Duke as easily and readily as his mistress Julia. If he has betrayed Bosola, he uses his brother as the tool to recover his “familiar.” His court dress is a long brilliant scarlet cardinal’s gown with white cuffs and a white collar turned back over the red, both collar and cuffs being elaborately scalloped and embroidered. He wears a small cape, reaching only to the elbows. His cassock is buttoned to the ground, giving a heightened effect to his already tall presence. Richelieu would have adored his neatly trimmed beard. A richly jeweled and ornamented cross lies on his breast, suspended from his neck by a gold chain. Bosola is the Renaissance “familiar” dressed conventionally in somber black with a white collar. He wears a chain about his neck, a suspended ornament, and a sword. Although a “bravo,” he must not be thought of as a leather jacketed, heavy-booted tough, squat and swarthy. Still less is he a sneering, leering, melodramatic villain of the Victorian gaslight tradition. Like his black-and-white clothes, he is a colorful contradiction, a scholar-assassin, a humanist-hangman; introverted and introspective, yet ruthless in action; moody and reluctant, yet violent. He is a man of scholarly taste and subtle intellectual discrimination doing the work of a hired ruffian. In general effect, his impersonator must achieve suppleness and subtlety of nature, a highly complex, compressed, yet well restrained intensity of temperament. Like Duke Ferdinand, he is inwardly tormented, but not by undiluted passion. His dominant emotion is an intellectualized one: that of disgust at a world filled with knavery and folly, but in which he must play a part and that a lowly, despicable one. He is the kind of rarity that Browning loved to depict in his Renaissance monologues.1.The actor portraying Bosola must depict the character （）.2.The writer of this passage assumes that the reader is （）. 3.The reference to Browning in the last sentence is intended to compare （）. 4.In his description of Bosola, the author of this passage makes extensive use of the device of（）.

Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another—the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry — which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly ― the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic research. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out,“Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science, tend to degrade the quality of the nation’s technology in the long run rather than to improve it.”1.The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is （）.2.Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it （）. 3.The federal government （）. 4.Less developed countries （）.

When my doctor told me the results of all the tests, I was sure my illness was fatal and certain that I was going to die. One of my first (1) was that I would be leaving (2) me so much that was unfinished. I told my friends that the (3) on my tombstone should read: “Grade of Incomplete.” That (4) my life, and I regretted my delays and (5). I wished that I had more time to do it all over again the (6) way. But deep inside I felt such a wish was useless. I (7) no recourse but to spend my remaining months in a gradual state of (8), too weak, too sick and too (9) in my dying to do much else, I cried a lot and felt very sorry (10) myself.After the operation to remove the tumor, my (11) told me that I was cured. At first, I didn’t (12) him. I thought he was humoring me, stringing me (13) because he wanted me to be happy in my final months. (14), though, I began to believe that he was telling me the truth and that I did indeed have a life (15) of me. Because I didn't want my (16) simply to become a bad memory, I started to change the way I ran my life. I finished the photography project that summer. Then I applied for (17) at my local college in the fall. Within a year I had chosen (18). I’m still working on getting that degree. Most important of all, my children and I took that (19) we’d always talked about. We took another one in the winter, too. At the end of five years I realized that I had rebuilt my life's patterns. And now each day is more fulfilling than (20). That’s something I couldn’t say before the day that cancer struck.

When people are happy, they tend to give（）interpretations of events they witness: the eye of the beholder is colored by the emotions of the beholder.

A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it ceases to be a（）threat.

Psychology has slowly evolved into an（）scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences.

The English novelist William Thackeray considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous that he criticized Dickens’ Oliver Twist for making the characters in the thieves’ kitchen so（）.

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